Table 4 Characteristics of included studies
Author, country, year | Title | Study design | Type of intervention | Allocation of intervention | Outcome (measure) | Claimed vaccination strategy (if applicable) | Type of intervention and control group | N | Population included | Setting (refugee camp, city etc.) | % a&r | Mean age, % children | Country of origin/flight route | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
De vallière et al., Switzerland, 2011 [69] | Comparison of two strategies to prevent varicella outbreaks in housing facilities for asylum seekers | Non-randomised intervention study of cohort type | Vaccination of all individuals aged 15–39 years without contraindications | Allocated by date of arrival | Varicella outbreak-prevention (number of infected secondary cases) | All refugees without contraindication aged 15–39 years | Arrived 02/2009 to 05/2010 | 966 | Recently arrived refugees | Refugee reception centre in Switzerland | 100% asylum seekers | Unclear | Various countries | |
Serotesting all exposed and vaccination of seronegative individuals | All exposed and tested seronegative | Arrived 05/2008 to 01/2009 | 858 (exposed: 248) | |||||||||||
No outbreak-response-strategy | No response strategy | Arrived before 05/2008 | 126 | |||||||||||
Pallasch et al., germany, 2005 [67] | Improvement of protection given by vaccination for socially underprivileged groups on the basis of "key persons approach"[German] | Non-randomised intervention study of cohort type | Door-to-door MMR-vaccination campaign based on “keyperson’’-principle | Allocated by residency | MMR-vaccination (children with at least one dose (%) and with two doses (%) of MMR-vaccine) | All children aged 15 months to 10 years | Children under 10 years (measured only school children at preterm examination: 39.8%) | 344 (measured: 129) | Refugees and other inhabitants of hard-to-reach-neighbourhoods | German hard-to-reach and refugee neighbourhood ”Altländer-Viertel’’ in the city of Stade | About 30% | 100% children under 10 years | Many diverse countries of origin | |
Pre-intervention | ||||||||||||||
Brockman et al., germany, 2016 [68] | Ögd-initiative zur verbes-serung Der durch-impfung bei Asylsuch-enden | Non-randomised intervention study of cohort type | Housing based MMR and DPPT vaccination concept | Allocated by residency | Persons with at least one vaccination (%) | All asylum seekers in community housings | Community housing included in campaign | 2256 | Refugees and asylum seekers in community housings | German community housings for asylum seekers in the district of Reutlingen | 100% | Unclear | Various countries | |
Community housings excluded from campaign | ||||||||||||||
Koop et al., Macedonia, 2001 [66] | Results of the expanded program on immunization in the Macedonia refugee camps | Non-randomised intervention study of cohort type | Two consecutive vaccination campaigns for DPPT and BCG in stable and unstable population | No allocation, comparison of two refugee camps | Measles-, DPPT- and BCG -vaccination (vaccination coverage (%) after each campaign) | All children under 4 years of age (10% of overall study population) | Unstable population, high turnover | 46,600 (included: 4660) | Albanian Kosovoar refugees | Macedonian refugee camp, “Brazda’’ | 100% | Included: 100% children aged under 4 years | Kosovo | |
Stable population, low turnover | 73,300 (included: 7330) | Macedonian refugee camp “Cegrane’’ | ||||||||||||
Coady et al., USA, 2008 [58] | A multilevel community-based intervention to increase influenza vaccination rates among hard-to-reach populations in New York city | Non-randomised intervention study of cohort type | Provision of informational materials concerning influenza on different levels and vaccination by nurses and physicians | Allocated by residency and revenue | Influenza vaccination (proportion of people with interest in getting vaccinated against influenza (%)) | All residents with indication | Post-intervention | 3082 | Immigrant and hard-to-reach | Hard-to-reach neighbourhoods of east Harlem and the Bronx (New York) | Unclear | 41 y.o | 70% hispanic, 16% undocumented | |
Pre-intervention | 3744 | |||||||||||||
Hoppe et al., USA, 2011 [60] | Achieving high coverage of h1n1 influenza vaccine in an ethnically diverse obstetric population | Non-randomised intervention study of cohort type | Informational and vaccination campaign for influenza | Allocated by enrolment in the birth clinic | Influenza vaccination (vaccination coverage against influenza (%)) | All pregnant women | Pregnant women at birth clinic in Seattle | 157 | Ethnically diverse pregnant women | Birth clinic in Seattle | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | |
Cited data (10 states from pregnancy Risk assessment monitoring system (prams)) | 6255 | Pregnant women from cited data | Pregnant women in USA | Unclear | ||||||||||
Rodriguez-Rieiro et al., Spain, 2011 [59] | Vaccination against 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 seasonal influenza in Spain | Non-randomised intervention study of cohort type | Spanish national influenza vaccination campaign | Allocated by residency | Influenza vaccination (vaccination coverage against influenza (%)) | All residents with indication | Post-intervention (after 2009/2010) | 51,666 (immigrants: 3426) | National cohort of Spanish citizens concerned by national influenza-vaccination campaign (with 6,6% immigrant population) | Spain | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | |
Pre-intervention (before 2009/2010) | ||||||||||||||
Larson et al., USA, 2009 [56] | Effect of intensive education on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding upper respiratory infections among urban Latinos | Non-randomised intervention study of cohort type | Door-to-door informational campaigns concerning (prevention from) influenza | Allocated by residency | Influenza vaccination (proportion of households with at least one vaccinated member against influenza (%)) | All residents with indication | Post-intervention | 422 | Heads of hard-to-reach and immigrant households | Hard-to-reach-neighbourhood upper Manhattan (New York) | Unclear | Unclear | 97% Latino ethnicity, 90% foreign-born | |
Pre-intervention | 422 | |||||||||||||
Larson et al., USA, 2010 [57] | Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on URIS and influenza in crowded, urban households | Randomised controlled trial | Door-to-door informational campaign and provision of face masks and/or alcohol based hand sanitiser | Allocated by residency, random sampling | Influenza vaccination, prevention of URI, ILI and influenza (vaccination coverage against influenza after intervention period (%), incidence of URI, ILI and influenza (n/1000 person-weeks) during intervention period | All residents with indication | Group e only provided with information material | 904 | Immigrant and hard-to-reach | Hard-to-reach-neighbourhood upper Manhattan (New York) | Unclear | Unclear | 90% Latino ethnicity, 50% foreign-born | |
Group 1 additionally provided with hand sanitiser | 946 | |||||||||||||
Group 2 additionally provided with face masks and hand sanitiser | 938 | |||||||||||||