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Table 2 Overview of SARS-CoV-2 detection dog studies

From: Canine olfactory detection and its relevance to medical detection

Country

Sample material

Number of sample presentations (test)

Results

Sensitivity

Specificity

France [26]

Sweat

n = 321

90% and 88%

90% and 85%

Germany [24, 25]

Inactivated saliva/tracheobronchial secretion

n = 1012

83%

96%

Non-inactivated saliva

n = 2513

82%

96%

Sweat

n = 531

91%

94%

Urine

n = 594

95%

98%

Iran [29]

Nasopharyngeal

n = 80

65%

89%

Masks and clothes

n = 120

86%

93%

Colombia [28]

Saliva/respiratory secretions

n = 9200

89%

97%

Brazil [6]

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

United Arab Emirates [30]

Axillary sweat

n = 1368

92%

96%

United Arab Emirates [32]

Sweat

n = 3290

83%

99%

Argentina [6]

Not applicable

Not applicable

93%

89%

Australia [6]

Not applicable

Not applicable

100%

95%

Lebanon [6]

Sweat

Not applicable

100%

92%

Sweat (airport)

Not applicable

96%

90%

Chile [6]

Sweat

Not applicable

90%

97%

Finland [6]

Sweat, urine, saliva

Not applicable

100%

91%

Belgium [6]

Sweat

Not applicable

81%

98%

United Kingdom [31]

Breath and sweat

n = 2261

82%-94%

76%-92%

USA [27]

Saliva and urine

n = 59

11–22%

94–100%

Urine

71%

99%

USA [33]

Breath

n = 160

Not applicable

Not applicable

  1. All included studies were double-blinded and randomised