Table 1  Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of comorbidities, gender, age, smoking status, obesity, acute kidney injury, and D-dimer gender on fatal outcome of COVID-19

Albitar et al. [51]

Asian

828

219

49.4 (20.9) ^a

489 (59.1)

23 (2.8)

62 (7.5)

90 (10.9)

NA

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 1.08 (1.06–1.09)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.61 (1.01–2.58)

HT: Yes: aOR = 3.58(1.69–7.55)

Al‐Salameh et al. [52]

France

432

89

72.0 (14.3) ^a

238 (55.1)

148 (34.3)

115 (26.6)

255 (59.0)

39 (9.02)

NA

Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.78 (1.06–3.00)

Cardiac disease: Yes: aOR = 2.01 (1.13–3.58)

Barman et al. [50]

Turkey

607

103

69.3 (12.5) ^a

334 (55.0)

NA

192 (31.6)

266 (43.8)

73 (12.0)

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 1.03 (1.01–1.05)

HT: Yes: aOR = 1.26 (0.60–2.62)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.39 (0.89–2.17)

Cardiac injury: Yes: aOR = 10.58 (2.42–46.27)

Berenguer et al. [49]

Spain

4035

1131

70 [56–80]

2433 (61.0)

932 (23.3)

871 (21.8)

2052 (51.2)

715 (17.9)

NA

Age: Old: aHR = 2.72 (1.74–4.23)

Sex: Male: aHR = 1.29 (1.13–1.49)

HT: Yes: aHR = 1.22 (1.05–1.40)

Obese: Yes: aHR = 1.53 (1.28–1.84)

Cancer: Yes: aHR = 1.49 (1.24–1.79)

Caliskan and Saylan [82]

Turkey

565

75

48 (19.67)

NA

NA

72 (12.7)

128 (22.7)

37 (6.5)

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 1.05 (1.03–1.11)

Smoking: Yes: aHR = 6.51 (2.73–15.5)

COPD: Yes: aOR = 3.21 (1.22–8.43)

Chen et al. [46]

China

1590

50

69 [51–86]

904 (56.8)

30 (1.9)

130 (8.2)

269 (16.9)

24 (1.5)

NA

Age: Old: aHR = 3.43 (1.24–9.50)

CVD: Yes: aHR = 3.10 (1.07–8.94)

Chen et al. [47]

China

1859

208

59 [45–68]

925 (50)

NA

262 (14)

579 (31)

61 (3)

69 (4)

Age: Old: aHR = 1.04 (1.03–1.06)

Smoking: Yes: aHR = 1.84 (1.17–2.92)

D-dimer: High: aHR = 3.00 (2.17–4.16)

Chen et al. [48]

China

3309

307

62 [51–69]

1642 (51.5)

242 (7.3)

464 (14)

988 (29.9)

42 (1.3)

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 9.08 (4.44–18.59)

Sex: Female: aOR = 0.44 (0.34–0.58)

HT: Yes: aOR = 1.14(0.87–1.50)

DM: Yes: OR = 0.87(0.70–1.36)

CVD: Yes: aOR = 1.41(0.94–2.13)

COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.72(0.80–3.71)

Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 2.85(1.42–5.73)

Chilimuri et al. [45]

USA

375

160

63 [52–72]

236 (63)

62 (17)

175 (47)

225 (60)

NA

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 1.04 (1.01–1.06) CVD: Yes: aOR = 1.56 (0.78–3.11)

HT: Yes: aOR = 2.43 (1.57–3.77)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.96 (1.29–2.98)

D-dimer: High: aOR = 3.16 (1.75–5.73)

Colombi et al. [55]

Italy

236

108

68 [66–70]

177 (75)

127 (54)

37 (16)

NA

NA

35 (15)

Age: Old: aOR = 3.4 (1.7–6.6)

Cancer: Yes: aOR = 3.5 (1.6–7.7)

CVD: Yes: aOR = 3.7 (1.9–7.3)

Cummings et al. [71]

USA

257

101

62 [51–72]

171 (67)

49 (19)

92 (36)

162 (63)

24 (9)

NA

Age: Old: aHR = 1.31 (1.09–1.57)

Sex: Male: aHR = 1.13 (0.71–1.81)

HT: Yes: aHR = 1.58 (0.89–2.81)

DM: Yes: aHR = 1.31(0.81–2.10)

COPD: Yes: aHR = 2.94 (1.48–5.84)

Increase D-dimer: aHR = 1.10 (1.01–1.19)

Cardiac disease: Yes: aHR = 1.76 (1.08–2.86)

Du et al. [44]

China

179

21

57.6 (13.7) ^a

97 (54.2)

29 (16.2)

33 (18.4)

58 (32.4)

NA

2 (2.2)

Age: Old: aOR = 3.77 (1.20–11.80)

CVD: Yes: aOR = 2.46 (1.28–4.75)

Cardiac disease: Yes: aOR = 4.07 (1.78–9.35)

Fabio et al. [43]

Italy

410

95

65 [56–75]

299 (72.9)

51 (12.6)

69 (17.0)

203 (49.9)

22 (5.4)

22 (5.4)

Age: Old: aHR = 3.17 (1.84–5.44)

Cancer: Yes: aHR = 2.32 (1.15–4.64)

DM: Yes: aHR = 1.51 (0.96–2.05)

Grasselli et al. [42]

Italy

3988

1926

63 [55–69]

3188 (79.9)

538 (13.5)

514 (12.9)

1643 (41.2)

93 (2.3)

331 (8.3)

Age: Old: aHR = 1.75 (1.60–1.92)

Sex: Men: aHR = 1.57 (1.31–1.88)

HT: Yes: aHR = 0.99 (0.81–1.22)

DM: Yes: aHR = 1.18 (1.01–1.39)

COPD: Yes: aHR = 1.68 (1.28–2.19)

Guan et al. [41]

China

1590

131

48.9 (16.3) ^a

904 (57.3)

59 (3.7)

130 (8.2)

269 (16.9)

24 (1.5)

18 (1.1)

HT: Yes: aHR = 1.58 (1.07–2.32)

DM: Yes: aHR = 1.59 (1.03–2.45)

COPD: Yes: aHR = 2.68 (1.42–5.05)

Cancer: Yes: aHR = 3.50 (1.60–7.64)

Hernández-Galdamez et al. [40]

Mexico

211,003

7135

45.7 (16.3) ^a

115,442 (54.7)

4949 (2.35)

34,685 (16.4)

42,453 (20.1)

3721 (1.8)

NA

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.69 (1.63–1.74)

COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.20 (1.11–1.30)

Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.42 (1.37–1.47)

Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 2.31 (2.15–2.48)

HT: Yes: aOR = 1.24 (1.20–1.28)

Klang et al. [39]

USA

3406

1076

76.0 [67–84]

1961 (57.6)

513 (15.1)

1599 (46.9)

2299 (67.5)

NA

530 (15.6)

Age: Old: aOR = 1.70 (1.60–1.80)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.40 (1.20–1.60)

Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.60 (1.20–2.30)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.40 (1.20–1.70)

Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 1.70 (1.20–2.10)

Kuderer et al. [38]

USA

928

121

66 [57–76]

468 (50.4)

NA

NA

NA

NA

294 (31.7)

Age: Old: aOR = 1.84 (1.53–2.21)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.63 (1.07–2.48)

Smoking: Yes: aOR = 1.60 (1.03–2.47)

Cancer: Yes: aOR = 1.79 (1.09–2.95)

Lee et al. [37]

Korea

98

20

72 [68–79]

44 (44.9)

16 (16.3)

27 (27.6)

52 (53.1)

NA

11 (11.2)

Sex: Male: aOR = 3.70 (1.29–11.11)

HT: Yes: aOR = 1.95 (1.56–2.80)

DM: Yes: aOR = 4.74 (1.68–13.38)

Lee et al.[36]

UK

800

226

69 [59–76]

449 (56)

109 (14)

131 (16)

247 (31)

61 (8)

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 9.42 (6.56–10.02)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.67 (1.19–2.34)

HT: Yes: aOR = 1.95 (1.36–2.80)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.61 (1.03–2.48)

CVD: Yes: aOR = 2.32 (1.47–3.64)

COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.80 (1.01–3.27)

Li et al. [35]

China

548

87

60 [48–69]

276 (50.9)

34 (6.2)

83 (15.1)

166 (30.3)

17 (3.1)

24 (4.7)

Age: Old: aHR = 1.72 (1.05–2.85)

Sex: Male: aHR = 1.72 (1.09–2.73)

Cardiac injury: Yes: aHR = 2.92 (1.80–4.76)

Lim et al. [34]

Korea

160

44

67 [24–92]

86 (53.8)

21 (13.1)

50 (31.3)

78 (48.1)

NA

NA

Age: Old: aHR = 1.04 (1.01–1.07)

Kidney disease: Yes: aHR = 3.62 (1.75–7.48)

Sex: Male: aHR = 0.61 (0.32–1.16)

HT: Yes: aHR = 1.34 (0.71–2.52)

DM: Yes: aHR = 1.35 (0.72–2.56)

Mehra et al. [33]

North America, Asia and Europe

8910

515

49.0 (16.0) ^a

5339 (59.9)

NA

1272 (14.3)

2349 (26.3)

225 (2.5)

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 1.93 (1.60–2.41)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.26 (1.05–1.54)

COPD: Yes: aOR = 2.96 (2.00–4.40)

Smoking: Yes: aOR = 1.79 (1.29–2.47)

CVD: Yes: aOR = 2.48 (1.62–2.47)

Mikami et al. [32]

USA

6493

858

59 [43, 72]

3538 (54.5)

NA

1151 (17.7)

1637 (25.2)

176 (2.7)

413 (6.4)

Age: Old: aHR = 4.85 (2.75–8.56)

Sex: Male: aHR = 1.22 (1.11–1.33)

HT: Yes: aHR = 0.91 (0.79–1.07)

DM: Yes: aHR = 0.92 (0.73–1.16)

Cancer: Yes: aHR = 1.08 (0.84–1.40)

D-dimer: High: aHR = 1.19 (1.02–1.39)

Palaiodimos et al. [31]

USA

200

48

64 [50–74]

98 (49)

22 (11)

79 (39.5)

152 (76)

28 (14)

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 1.73 (1.25–5.98)

Sex: Male: aOR = 2.74 (1.25–5.93)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.16 (0.55–2.44)

BMI: Obese: aOR = 3.78 (1.45–9.83)

COPD: Yes: aOR = 2.05 (0.76–5.51)

Parra-Bracamonte et al. [30]

Mexico

142,690

16,872

44 [33–56]

79,280 (56)

NA

23,803 (17)

28,874 (20)

2655 (2)

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 3.73 (2.99–4.65)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.45 (1.39–1.50)

HT: Yes: aOR = 1.24 (1.19–1.29)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.28 (1.24–1.34)

COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.26 (1.15–1.38)

Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.23 (1.17–1.28)

Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 1.8 (1.66–1.96)

Petrilli et al. [29]

USA

5279

665

54 [38–66]

2615 (49.5)

2752 (52.1)

1195 (22.6)

2256 (42.7)

786 (14.9)

403 (7.6)

Age: Old: aHR = 7.69 (4.60–12.84)

Sex: Male: aHR = 1.27 (1.08–1.50)

HT: Yes: aHR = 0.94 (0.76–1.16)

Obese: Yes: aHR = 1.41 (0.98–2.01)

DM: Yes: aHR = 1.10 (0.93–1.31)

COPD: Yes: aHR = 0.93 (0.76–1.15)

Cancer: Yes: aHR = 1.31 (1.05–1.62)

Kidney disease: Yes: aHR = 1.18 (0.97–1.43)

Pettit et al. [28]

USA

238

24

58.5 (17.0) ^a

113 (47.5)

51 (21.4)

68 (28.6)

126 (52.9)

NA

27 (11.3)

Age: Old: aOR = 3.6 (2.0–6.3)

Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.7 (1.1–2.8)

Price-Haywood et al. [27]

Australia

3481

326

55.5 (18.5) ^a

1394 (40.0)

NA

566 (16.3)

1074 (30.8)

79 (2.3)

158 (4.5)

Age: Old: aOR = 1.19 (1.13–1.24)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.61 (1.28–2.04)

Obese: Yes: aOR = 1.05 (0.83–1.34)

Priyank et al. [26]

USA

522

92

63 [50–72]

218 (41.8)

70 (13.4)

221 (42.3)

416 (79.7)

47 (9)

48 (9.2)

Age: Old: aOR = 3.1 (1.7–5.6)

Sex: Male: aOR = 2.44 (1.43–4.17)

HT: Yes: aOR = 3.36 (1.3–8.6)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.51 (0.9–2.6)

COPD: Yes: aOR = 1.48 (0.65–3.34)

Kidney disease: Yes: aOR = 1.08 (0.51–2.28)

Cancer: Yes: aOR = 0.48 (0.20–1.10)

Regalado-Artamendi et al. [74]

Spain

177

61

70 [56–77]

99 (55.9)

NA

33 (18.6)

73 (41.2)

NA

NA

Age: Old: aHR = 1.05 (1.03–1.07)

Sex: Male: aHR = 1.07 (0.65–1.77)

HT: Yes: aHR = 1.79 (1.09–2.96)

DM: Yes: aHR = 1.13 (0.60–2.10)

Kidney disease: Yes: aHR = 2.36 (1.04–5.38)

D-dimer: High: aOR = 1.26 (1.01–1.56)

Rivera-Izquierdo et al. [25]

Spain

238

61

64.7 (15.4)^a

131 (55.0)

54 (22.7)

52 (21.9)

116 (48.7)

NA

NA

Age: Old: aHR = 1.09 (1.07–1.11)

Sex: Male: aHR = 1.34 (0.80–2.27)

DM: Yes: aHR = 2.33 (1.38–3.94)

Shi et al. [23]

China

416

57

64 [21–95]

205 (49.3)

44 (10.6)

60 (14.4)

127 (30.5)

12 (2.9)

9 (2.2)

Age: Old: aHR = 1.02 (0.99–1.05)

CVD: Yes: aHR = 1.51 (0.70–3.30)

COPD: Yes: aHR = 0.37 (0.04–3.50)

Cardiac disease: Yes: aHR = 4.26 (1.92–9.49)

Soares et al. [22]

Brazil

10,713

821

NA

4804 (44.8)

2541 (23.7)

1100 (10.3)

NA

NA

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 3.95 (2.95–5.33) CVD: Yes: aOR = 2.02 (1.59–2.57)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.68 (1.10–3.09)

Su et al. [54]

China

172

32

71.6 (11.0) ^a

121 (70.3)

21 (12.2)

18 (10.5)

18 (11)

6 (3.4)

3 (1.7)

HT: Yes: OR = 3.5 (1.1–10.8)

DM: Yes: OR = 1.9 (0.6–5.5)

Sex: Male: OR = 1.53 (0.75–3.13)

CVD: Yes: OR = 5.1 (1.7–15.5)

van Gerwen et al. [21]

USA

3703

616

56.8 (18.2) ^a

2049 (55.3)

292 (7.9)

1045 (28.2)

1643 (44.4)

172 (4.6)

312 (8.4)

Age: Old: aOR = 5.29 (2.51–11.15)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.46 (1.17–1.82)

HT: Yes: aOR = 1.87 (1.53–2.29)

DM: Yes: aOR = 1.62 (1.34–1.96)

CVD: Yes: aOR = 1.47 (1.06–2.02)

Smoking: Yes: aOR = 1.06 (0.66–1.72)

Wang et al. [20]

China

339

65

69 [65–76]

166 (49)

53 (15.7)

54 (16)

138 (40.8)

21 (6.2)

15 (4.4)

Age: Old: aHR = 1.06 (1.03–1.09)

CVD: Yes: aHR = 1.85 (1.06–3.26)

COPD: Yes: aHR = 2.24 (1.12–4.97)

Wu et al. [53]

China

201

44

51 [43–60]

128 (64)

8 (4)

22 (11)

39 (19.4)

NA

1 (0.5)

Age: Old: HR = 6.17 (3.26–11.67)

HT: Yes: HR = 1.70 (0.92–3.14)

DM: Yes: HR = 1.58 (0.80–3.13)

D-dimer: High: HR = 1.02 (1.01–1.04)

Xu et al. [19]

China

239

147

62.5 (13.3)^a

143 (59.8)

NA

44 (18.4)

105 (43.9)

NA

NA

Age: Old: aHR = 1.57 (1.12–2.19)

Cardiac injury: Yes: aHR = 0.88(0.57–1.34)

Kidney disease: Yes: aHR = 2.06 (1.36–3.10)

Yao et al. [18]

China

248

17

63.0 (13.4)^a

NA

NA

44 (17.7)

78 (31.5)

NA

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 1.04 (0.98–1.10)

D-dimer: High: aOR = 10.17 (1.10–29.38)

Yu et al. [83]

China

1464

212

64 [51–71]

736 (51.3)

47 (3.2)

211 (14.4)

306 (20.9)

50 (3.4)

17 (1.2)

Sex: Male: aOR = 1.97 (1.29–2.99)

Age: Old: aOR = 2.15 (1.35–3.43)

HT: Yes: aOR = 1.08 (0.68–1.72)

DM: Yes: aOR = 2.34 (1.45–3.76)

Zhou et al. [17]

China

191

54

56 [46–67]

119 (62)

15 (8)

36 (19)

58 (30)

6 (3)

NA

Age: Old: aOR = 1.10 (1.03–1.17)

D-dimer: High: aOR = 18.42(2.64–29.39)