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Table 2 Results of the subgroup analysis based on demographic and clinical variables associated with coronavirus mortality

From: Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients

Risk factors

Effect measures

Numbers of study

Effect size (95% CI)

Heterogeneity

Begg’s test P-value#

Egger’s test P-value#

I2

P-value

Older age

pOR

21

2.61 (1.75–3.47)

99.97

0.000

0.321

0.531

pHR

16

1.31 (1.11–1.51)

99.54

0.000

0.212

0.142

Gender: Male vs Female

pOR

15

1.45 (1.41–1.51)

66.63

0.000

0.243

0.213

pHR

9

1.24 (1.07–1.41)

62.45

0.000

0.424

0.126

Smoking status: Yes vs No

pOR

5

1.42 (1.01–1.83)

55.81

0.000

0.143

0.076

pHR

1

1.84 (0.96–2.71)

Obesity: Yes vs No

pOR

9

1.34 (1.17–1.52)

82.56

0.000

0.293

0.272

pHR

2

1.50 (1.26–1.75)

36.82

0.070

0.253

0.312

CVDs: Yes vs No

pOR

9

1.83 (1.50–2.17)

41.27

0.020

0.410

0.388

pHR

3

1.77 (0.95–2.59)

13.73

0.160

0.426

0.143

Diabetes

pOR

13

1.52 (1.36–1.69)

79.83

0.000

0.432

0.471

pHR

10

1.17 (1.02–1.32)

49.45

0.000

0.298

0.462

Hypertension

pOR

12

1.57 (1.27–1.87)

94.97

0.000

0.114

0.399

pHR

8

1.18 (1.01–1.40)

66.66

0.000

0.054

0.267

COPD

pOR

7

1.58 (1.08–2.07)

92.24

0.000

0.130

0.146

pHR

5

1.71 (1.01–2.45)

78.28

0.000

0.092

0.078

Cancer

pOR

3

1.43 (0.06–2.80)

79.98

0.000

0.181

0.162

pHR

5

1.33 (1.09–1.56)

58.67

0.000

0.461

0.234

Acute kidney injury

pOR

5

1.87 (1.48–2.26)

86.53

0.000

0.131

0.220

pHR

3

2.21 (1.44–2.99)

42.43

0.030

0.256

0.087

Cardiac injury

pOR

3

2.33 (0.88–3.79)

5.97

0.320

0.088

0.090

pHR

4

1.89 (0.75–3.02

76.57

0.000

0.065

0.102

Increased D-dimer

pOR

3

10.49 (1.80–19.18)

96.14

0.000

0.312

0.101

pHR

5

1.44 (1.01–2.06)

91.52

0.000

0.067

0.178

  1. Keys: (#) H0 there are no small study effects, pOR pooled odds ratio, pHR pooled hazard ratio