Human papillomavirus-associated anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in men who have sex with men and transgender women living with and without HIV in Karachi Pakistan: implications for screening and prevention

Table 4 Factors associated with any abnormal anal cytology (n = 93) among MSM and transgender women living with (n = 118) and without HIV 9n = 153) in Karachi Pakistan

Determinants	Any abnormal anal cytology Crude PR (95% CI)	p values	Any abnormal anal cytology Adjusted PR (95% CI)
HIV status
Negative (ref.)	1.0
positive	2.33 (1.36–2.41)	< 0.001
Any HR-HPV types
No (ref.)	1.0		1.0
Yes	3.8 (2.25–6.51)	< 0.001	3.04 (1.75–5.26)
HPV type 16
No (ref.)	1.0
Yes	2.11 (1.39–3.18)	< 0.001
HPV type 35
No (ref.)	1.0
Ye	1.59 (0.99–2.58)	0.060
Other STI^a
No (ref.)	1.0		1.0
Yes	2.77 (1.68–4.59)	< 0.001	2.13 (1.28–3.55)
HIV/HPV co-infection
No (ref.)	1.0		1.0
Yes	2.93 (1.92–4.45)	< 0.001	1.75 (1.07–2.88)
HIV/STI^a co-infection
No (ref.)	1.0
Yes	2.04 (1.36–3.04)	0.001
Preferred anal sex role
Insertive (ref.)	1.0
Receptive anal sex	2.62 (0.96–7.13)	0.059
Condom use
Always (ref.)	1.0
Inconsistent use	3.27 (1.57–6.78)	0.002
Never use	2.50 (1.07–5.84)	0.034
Number of sex partners in past 6 months^b
< 100 (ref.)	1.0
≥ 100	1.43 (0.94–2.17)	0.096

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