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HIV and co-infections

This section aims to publish studies looking at all aspects of the prevention, diagnosis and management of HIV and HIV-associated infections in humans, as well as related molecular genetics, pathophysiology, and epidemiology. This section also aims to publish studies on the adverse events of HAART and non HIV-related comorbidities in the HAART era.

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  1. Actinomyces odontolyticus is not commonly recognized as a causative microbe of liver abscess. The detection and identification of A. odontolyticus in laboratories and its recognition as a pathogen in clinical set...

    Authors: Shao-Lun Hsu, Chin-Ting Wu, Yuan-Chen Chang, Chia-Kwung Fan and Yuarn-Jang Lee

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:998

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  2. Retention of pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants in HIV care still remains low in Uganda. Recent literature has shown that the effects of COVID-19 mitigation measures may increase disease burden...

    Authors: Sylivia Nalubega, Joshua Kyenkya, Irene Bagaya, Sylvia Nabukenya, Nelson Ssewankambo, Damalie Nakanjako and Agnes N. Kiragga

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:980

    Content type: Research article

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  3. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection may induce central nervous system complications in HIV/AIDS patients. However, it is rare to have paraplegia caused by VZV infection but no herpes zoster clinically. Asym...

    Authors: Zhiman Xie, Jingzhen Lai, Chuanyi Ning, Guangjing Ruan and Hao Liang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:963

    Content type: Case report

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  4. Empowering female sex workers (FSWs) through women controlled HIV prevention option has been in focus globally. FSWs are important target for oral pre exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). A multi-centric qualitative s...

    Authors: Seema Sahay, Archana Verma, Suhas Shewale, Sampada Bangar, Athokpam Bijeshkumar, Mubashir Angolkar, Thilakavathi Subramanian and Nomita Chandhiok

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:930

    Content type: Research article

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  5. The irregular use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and late diagnosis still account for a large part of HIV-associated mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Herein, we describe HIV-associated morbidity a...

    Authors: Wellington Mota Gama, Carlos Henrique Michiles Frank, Taynná Vernalha Rocha Almeida, Daniel Silva dos Santos, Yury Oliveira Chaves, Danielle Furtado da Silva, Patrícia Puccinelli Orlandi, Flávio Ribeiro Pereira, Gleicienne Feliz Magalhães, Bárbara Jóse Baptista, Viviane Lago de Oliveira Silva, Antônio Alcirley da Silva Balieiro, Monique Freire Santana, Roberta Lins Gonçalves, Allyson Guimarães da Costa, Marcelo Cordeiro dos Santos…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:876

    Content type: Research article

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  6. Mobile text reminder (SMS) system is considered a viable strategy for targeting/facilitating healthy behavioural change including adherence to prescribed physical exercises (PE) and medication (antiretroviral ...

    Authors: Sam Chidi Ibeneme, Sandra C. Ndukwu, Hellen Myezwa, Franklin Onyedinma Irem, Fortune Elochukwu Ezenwankwo, Adedayo Tunde Ajidahun, Amarachi D. Ezuma, Amaka Nnamani, Obinna Onodugo, Gerhard Fortwengel and Victor C. Uwakwe

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:859

    Content type: Research article

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  7. Lifestyle changes can protect or improve brain health in older adults. However, sustained lifestyle change is difficult for everyone and may be more difficult for those with executive dysfunction, including so...

    Authors: Adria Quigley, Marie-Josée Brouillette, Lesley K. Fellows and Nancy Mayo

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:843

    Content type: Study protocol

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  8. Estonia has a typical Eastern European HIV epidemic where the most frequent co-infection is chronic hepatitis C (HCV). We aimed to describe the changes in HCV prevalence, the distribution of HCV genotypes (GT)...

    Authors: Kerstin Kase, Radko Avi, Karolin Toompere, Heli Rajasaar, Merit Pauskar, Pilleriin Soodla, Ene-Ly Jõgeda, Kai Zilmer, Irja Lutsar and Kristi Huik

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:792

    Content type: Research article

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  10. HIV clinical care programs in high burden settings are uniquely positioned to facilitate diabetes diagnosis, which is a major challenge. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, data on the burden of diabetes among peo...

    Authors: Rachel W. Kubiak, Mario Kratz, Ayesha A. Motala, Sean Galagan, Sabina Govere, Elisabeth R. Brown, Mahomed-Yunus S. Moosa and Paul K. Drain

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:789

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) remains a leading cause of death in HIV-infected patients, despite advances in CM diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study was performed with the aim to develop and valida...

    Authors: Ting Zhao, Xiao-Lei Xu, Jing-Min Nie, Xiao-Hong Chen, Zhong-Sheng Jiang, Shui-Qing Liu, Tong-Tong Yang, Xuan Yang, Feng Sun, Yan-Qiu Lu, Vijay Harypursat and Yao-Kai Chen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:786

    Content type: Research article

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  12. HIV testing is an essential gateway to HIV prevention and treatment thus controlling the HIV epidemic. More innovative interventions are needed to increase HIV testing among men who have sex with men (MSM) sin...

    Authors: Yuning Shi, Jialing Qiu, Qingling Yang, Tailin Chen, Yongheng Lu, Sha Chen, Xiaoru Fan, Zhiye Lin, Zhigang Han, Jie Lu, Haobing Qian, Jing Gu, Dong Roman Xu, Yuzhou Gu and Chun Hao

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:764

    Content type: Study protocol

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  13. Multi-month dispensing (MMD) is the mainstay mechanism for clinically stable people living with HIV in Cambodia to refill antiretroviral therapy (ART) every 3-6 months. However, less frequent ART dispensing th...

    Authors: Sovannary Tuot, Alvin Kuo Jing Teo, Kiesha Prem, Pheak Chhoun, Chamroen Pall, Mengieng Ung, Penh Sun Ly, Masamine Jimba and Siyan Yi

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:763

    Content type: Study protocol

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  14. An upper abdominal mass without tenderness often indicates a benign or malignant tumor once liver or spleen hyperplasia has been excluded. A lymphadenopathic mass from Talaromyces marneffei infection is rare.

    Authors: Xue Chen, Lin Jia, Yongfeng Wu, Jing Chang, Tong Zhang, Yingmin Ma and Yulin Zhang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:750

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  15. Despite efforts to stop HIV epidemic in Latin America, new HIV cases continue to increase in the region especially among young MSM (YMSM). This study aims to assess if sociodemographic characteristics are asso...

    Authors: Thiago S. Torres, Lara E. Coelho, Kelika A. Konda, E. Hamid Vega-Ramirez, Oliver A. Elorreaga, Dulce Diaz-Sosa, Brenda Hoagland, Cristina Pimenta, Marcos Benedetti, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Carlos F. Caceres and Valdilea G. Veloso

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:726

    Content type: Research article

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  16. Managing HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) can become challenging in the presence of concurrent unusual central nervous system infections.

    Authors: Newton Kalata, Jayne Ellis, Laura Benjamin, Samuel Kampondeni, Peter Chiodini, Thomas Harrison, David G. Lalloo and Robert S. Heyderman

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:724

    Content type: Case report

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  17. Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been causally linked to a subset of oropharyngeal cancers in Western populations, and both oropharyngeal cancer and oral HPV infection are increased among HIV-posi...

    Authors: Alexandra L. Hernandez, Rajiv Karthik, Murugesan Sivasubramanian, Anantharam Raghavendran, Shelly Lensing, Jeannette Y. Lee, Priya Abraham, Dilip Mathai and Joel M. Palefsky

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:675

    Content type: Research article

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  18. To assess transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC), using as pre-exposure prophylaxis, among newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected residents in Shenyan...

    Authors: Zhen Wang, Bin Zhao, Minghui An, Wei Song, Xue Dong, Xin Li, Lu Wang, Lin Wang, Wen Tian, Haibo Ding and Xiaoxu Han

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:668

    Content type: Research article

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  19. HIV-positive patients are increasingly being affected by non-communicable diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD). Data from high-income countries (HICs) indicate that HIV-positive patients have differe...

    Authors: Camilla Pennefather, Tonya Esterhuizen, Anton Doubell and Eric H. Decloedt

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:657

    Content type: Research article

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  20. Despite the development of a safe and efficacious hepatitis B vaccine in 1982, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to shared risk factors for virus acquisition...

    Authors: Olusegun A. Adeyemi, Andrew Mitchell, Ashley Shutt, Trevor A. Crowell, Nicaise Ndembi, Afoke Kokogho, Habib O. Ramadhani, Merlin L. Robb, Stefan D. Baral, Julie A. Ake, Manhattan E. Charurat, Sheila Peel and Rebecca G. Nowak

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:654

    Content type: Research article

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  21. Nutrition is a crucial factor that can impact morbidity and mortality in older people living with HIV (PLWH). Studies on nutritional risk and nutritional status in all age groups in PLWH have been conducted. H...

    Authors: Xiaoning Liu, Jing Cao, Zheng Zhu, Xia Zhao, Jing Zhou, Qiuxia Deng, Liyuan Zhang and Hui Wang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:618

    Content type: Research article

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  22. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The common funduscopic manifestations are haemorrhagic necrotising variety and granular ...

    Authors: Shi Tang, Ning Zhao, Li Yang Wang and Ying Wen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:613

    Content type: Case report

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  23. Factors predicting peripheral blood total HIV-1 DNA size in chronically infected patients with successfully suppressed viremia remain unclear. Prognostic power of such factors are of clinical significance for ...

    Authors: Yongsong Yue, Yijia Li, Yizhi Cui, Nidan Wang, Yunda Huang, Wei Cao, Yang Han, Ting Zhu, Wei Lyu, Jing Xie, Xiaojing Song, Yanling Li, Tong Wang, Tuofu Zhu and Taisheng Li

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:592

    Content type: Research article

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  24. People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with immuno-virological discordant responses are at an increased risk to develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and severe non AIDS events which...

    Authors: Genet Gebrehiwet Hailu and Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:561

    Content type: Research article

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  25. The clinical manifestations of recent syphilis can be variable, with typical and atypical patterns. Several conditions may cause atypical clinical aspects, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infec...

    Authors: F. Magri, M. G. Donà, C. Panetta, M. Pontone, F. Pimpinelli, N. Cameli, A. Cristaudo, M. Zaccarelli and A. Latini

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:521

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  26. Late presentation remains a key barrier towards controlling the HIV epidemic. Indicator conditions (ICs) are those that are AIDS-defining, associated with a prevalence of undiagnosed HIV > 0.1%, or whose clini...

    Authors: Saskia J. Bogers, Maarten F. Schim van der Loeff, Udi Davidovich, Anders Boyd, Marc van der Valk, Kees Brinkman, Godelieve J. de Bree, Peter Reiss, Jan E. A. M. van Bergen and Suzanne E. Geerlings

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:519

    Content type: Study protocol

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  27. Talaromyces marneffei (TM) bloodstream infection is common in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients with extreme immunodeficiency in Southeast Asia and South China, however, clinical case study on...

    Authors: Jianjun Sun, Weiwei Sun, Yang Tang, Renfang Zhang, Li Liu, Yinzhong Shen, Jiangrong Wang, Jun Chen, Tangkai Qi, Zhenyan Wang, Wei Song, Yixiao Lin, Shuibao Xu and Hongzhou Lu

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:514

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  28. In resource-limited settings, sputum smear conversion is used to document treatment response. Many People living with HIV (PLHIV) are smear-negative at baseline. The Xpert MTB/RIF test can indirectly measure b...

    Authors: Juliet Namugenyi, Joseph Musaazi, Achilles Katamba, Joan Kalyango, Emmanuel Sendaula, Andrew Kambugu, Jan Fehr, Barbara Castelnouvo, Yukari C. Manabe, Willy Ssengooba and Christine Sekaggya-Wiltshire

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:513

    Content type: Research article

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  29. Youth are at high risk for HIV, but are often left out of designing interventions, including those focused on adolescents. We organized a designathon for Nigerian youth to develop HIV self-testing (HIVST) stra...

    Authors: Kadija M. Tahlil, Chisom Obiezu-Umeh, Titi Gbajabiamila, Ucheoma Nwaozuru, David Oladele, Adesola Z. Musa, Ifeoma Idigbe, Jane Okwuzu, Agatha N. David, Tajudeen A. Bamidele, Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, Nora E. Rosenberg, Weiming Tang, Jason J. Ong, Donaldson F. Conserve, Juliet Iwelunmor…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:505

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  30. Cryptococcal Meningitis (CM) is a common opportunistic infection in the late stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite the wide use of effective antiretroviral and antifungal therapy in AIDS ...

    Authors: Aixin Li, Wenjiao Zhu, Jiming Yin, Xiaojie Huang, Lijun Sun, Wei Hua, Wen Wang, Tong Zhang, Lili Dai and Hao Wu

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:500

    Content type: Research article

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  31. Although great progress has been made in the prevention and treatment of AIDS, there are still a considerable number of new infections annually, especially in adolescents. With the advance of technology, game-...

    Authors: Jian Tang, Yanhua Chen, Xingli Yu, Jianlan Ren, Mei Li, Yue Luo, Hong Xie and Jing Wen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:469

    Content type: Study protocol

    Published on:

  32. In the era of anti-retroviral therapy (ART), the plasma HIV viral load (VL) is an important primary indicator for monitoring the HIV treatment response. To optimize the clinical management of HIV/AIDS patients...

    Authors: Shanfang Qin, Jingzhen Lai, Hong Zhang, Di Wei, Qing Lv, Xue Pan, Lihua Huang, Ke Lan, Zhihao Meng, Hao Liang and Chuanyi Ning

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:448

    Content type: Research article

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  33. The upsurge in HIV infections among students is a matter of particular concern. However, few studies have explored the epidemiological characteristics including the risky sexual networking of HIV-infected stud...

    Authors: Wanjun Chen, Jiezhe Yang, Jun Jiang, Lin He, Yun Xu, Jinlei Zheng, Jianmin Jiang and Xiaohong Pan

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:430

    Content type: Research article

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  34. In the US, one in six men who have sex with men (MSM) with HIV are unaware of their HIV infection. In certain circumstances, access to HIV testing and viral load (VL) monitoring is challenging. The objective o...

    Authors: Wei Luo, Vickie Sullivan, Pollyanna R. Chavez, Sarah E. Wiatrek, Maria Zlotorzynska, Amy Martin, Rebecca Rossetti, Travis Sanchez, Patrick Sullivan, Robin J. MacGowan, S. Michele Owen and Silvina Masciotra

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:423

    Content type: Research article

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  35. We describe the spectrum of ICD-10 classified causes for hospitalisations occurring between 2011 and 2018 in a cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV).

    Authors: Sophia M. Rein, Fiona C. Lampe, Clinton Chaloner, Adam Stafford, Alison J. Rodger, Margaret A. Johnson, Jeffrey McDonnell, Fiona Burns, Sara Madge, Alec Miners, Lorraine Sherr, Simon Collins, Andrew Speakman, Andrew N. Phillips and Colette J. Smith

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:395

    Content type: Research article

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  36. Late-diagnosis of HIV is a major challenge for the control and prevention of AIDS in the world. The present study aimed to specify factors associated with the late diagnosis of HIV in Iran from 1987 to 2016.

    Authors: Younes Mohammadi, Mohammad Mirzaei, Nasrin Shirmohammadi-Khorram and Maryam Farhadian

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:390

    Content type: Research article

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  37. The Integrase (IN) strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), Dolutegravir (DTG), has been given the green light to form part of first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) by the World Health Organization (W...

    Authors: Sello Given Mikasi, Darren Isaacs, Rumbidzai Chitongo, George Mondide Ikomey, Graeme Brendon Jacobs and Ruben Cloete

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:379

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  38. The manifestation of Talaromyces marneffei infection in some HIV-infected patients may be atypical. Cases with gastrointestinal involvement have rarely been reported. It is hard to make a diagnosis when patients ...

    Authors: Ying Zhou, Yongfeng Liu and Ying Wen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:376

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  39. Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common HIV-associated opportunistic-infection worldwide. Existing literature focusses on hospital-based outcomes of induction treatment. This paper reviews outpatient manageme...

    Authors: Clare E. Warrell, Catriona Macrae, Alistair R. D. McLean, Edmund Wilkins, Elizabeth A. Ashley, Frank Smithuis and Ni Ni Tun

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:375

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  40. Existing evidence showed that Human Immunodeficiency Virus counselling and testing uptake among Ethiopian youths is low, and factors contributing to it are not well studied. Therefore, this study aims to asses...

    Authors: Mamo Nigatu, Teshome Kabeta, Abonesh Taye and Merga Belina

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:334

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  41. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important pathogen among immunocompromised hosts. Typically, CMV in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes diseases of the retina, digestive tract, lungs and liver, but...

    Authors: Morichika Osa, Akihiro Sato, Maki Sakagami, Masaki Machida, Takao Sato, Ayaka Tsukimori, Shinji Fukushima, Itaru Nakamura, Ryo Akai, Kiyoaki Tsukahara and Hidehiro Watanabe

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:252

    Content type: Case report

    Published on:

  42. The objective of this study was to assess the durability of response of dolutegravir (DTG) as an antiretroviral core agent by comparing its efficacy and safety with other recommended or commonly used core agen...

    Authors: Katharina Nickel, Nicholas J. A. Halfpenny, Sonya J. Snedecor and Yogesh Suresh Punekar

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:222

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:340

  43. Public health is increasingly turning to non-traditional digital data to inform HIV prevention and control strategies. We demonstrate a parsimonious method using both traditional survey and internet search his...

    Authors: Derek C. Johnson, Alicia L. Nobles, Theodore L. Caputi, Michael Liu, Eric C. Leas, Steffanie A. Strathdee, Davey M. Smith and John W. Ayers

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:215

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  44. Quality of life (QOL) is one of the major factors to assessing the health and wellbeing of People living with HIV (PLWH). Likewise, improved QOL is among the prominent goals of patient treatment. This study wa...

    Authors: Nahid Khademi, Alireza Zanganeh, Shahram Saeidi, Raziyeh Teimouri, Mehdi Khezeli, Babak Jamshidi, Tan Yigitcanlar, Yahya Salimi, Ali Almasi and Kobra Gholami Kiaee

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:203

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  45. Patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) often suffer from opportunistic infections and related primary central nervous system lymphoma (AR-PCNSL). Both diseases showed multiple ring enhancemen...

    Authors: Jingjing Li, Ming Xue, Shuo Yan, Chunshuang Guan, Ruming Xie and Budong Chen

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:165

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  46. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in the development of transmitted drug resistance (TDR), which reduces ART efficacy. We explored TDR prevalence and its associated risk factors i...

    Authors: Xianwu Pang, Kailing Tang, Qin He, Jinghua Huang, Ningye Fang, Xinjuan Zhou, Qiuying Zhu, Xiuling Wu, Zhiyong Shen and Shujia Liang

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:160

    Content type: Research article

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  47. In people living with HIV (PLWH), statins may be disproportionately effective but remain underutilized. A large prospective trial in patients with low to moderate cardiovascular (ASCVD) risk will reveal whethe...

    Authors: Henning Drechsler, Colby Ayers, James Cutrell, Reuben Arasaratnam and Roger Bedimo

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:150

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  48. Chronic pain in HIV-infected patients on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) limits patients’ normal functioning both somatically and psychologically. The current state of knowledge on the topic is insuffic...

    Authors: Marcin Kowalski, Andrzej Horban, Bartosz Slomka, Karen Shahnazaryan and Witold Rongies

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:136

    Content type: Research article

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  49. HIV infection has become a chronic disease and well-being of people living with HIV (PLHIV) is now of particular concern. The objectives of this paper were to describe self-rated health among PLHIV, on ART and...

    Authors: Marta Ruiz-Algueró, Victoria Hernando, Henar Marcos, Gonzalo Gutiérrez, Maria Jesus Pérez-Elías, Juan Carlos López-Bernaldo de Quirós, Federico Pulido, Miguel Górgolas, Jesus Sanz, Ines Suarez-García, Maria Teresa Fernandez, Juan Emilio Losa, Jose Luis Pérez, Maria Oliva Ladrero, Miguel Ángel Prieto, Gustavo González…

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:129

    Content type: Research article

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  50. Transgender women (trans women) in Nepal are underserved in the HIV response. Data are needed to determine the HIV prevalence disaggregated from other key populations and to identify the particular risks faced...

    Authors: Erin C. Wilson, Manisha Dhakal, Sanjay Sharma, Anuj Rai, Rajesh Lama, Sirish Chettri, Caitlin M. Turner, Hui Xie, Sean Arayasirikul, Jess Lin and Swagata Banik

    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2021 21:128

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

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As a result of the significant disruption that is being caused by the COVID-19 pandemic we are very aware that many researchers will have difficulty in meeting the timelines associated with our peer review process during normal times.  Please do let us know if you need additional time. Our systems will continue to remind you of the original timelines but we intend to be highly flexible at this time.

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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