No history of injection drug use | History of injection drug use | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 N = 2091 % (n) | 2005 N = 2331 % (n) | 2006 N = 2461 % (n) | 2007 N = 2691 % (n) | 2008 N = 2641 % (n) | P-value2 | 2004 N = 3451 % (n) | 2005 N = 3041 % (n) | 2006 N = 2101 % (n) | 2007 N = 2221 % (n) | 2008 N = 1831 % (n) | P-value2 | |
Maternal demographic characteristics and reproductive history | ||||||||||||
Age | .0007 | |||||||||||
<21 years | 34.0 (71) | 27.2 (63) | 20.7 (51) | 13.8 (37) | 9.5 (25) | <.0001 | 13.0 (45) | 11.5 (35) | 6.2 (13) | 6.8 (15) | 6.0 (11) | |
21-30 years | 63.2 (132) | 66.4 (154) | 69.1 (170) | 75.1 (202) | 73.1 (193) | 0.0026 | 84.1 (290) | 80.3 (244) | 84.8 (178) | 82.0 (182) | 80.9 (148) | 0.5529 |
>30 years | 2.9 (6) | 6.5 (15) | 10.2 (25) | 11.2 (30) | 17.4 (46) | <.0001 | 2.9 (10) | 8.2 (25) | 9.1 (19) | 11.3 (25) | 13.1 (24) | <.0001 |
Married/Nonmarital union 3 | 85.2 (178) | 84.6 (197) | 83.7 (206) | 80.6 (214) | 82.8 (212) | 0.2695 | 77.1 (266) | 66.4 (202) | 60.0 (126) | 65.8 (144) | 56.9 (103) | <.0001 |
City resident | 62.2 (130) | 68.2 (159) | 64.5 (158) | 64.3 (173) | 72.0 (190) | 0.1075 | 76.5 (264) | 77.0 (234) | 82.8 (173) | 76.1 (169) | 76.4 (139) | 0.9424 |
Previous livebirth | 20.6 (43) | 26.3 (61) | 26.4 (65) | 30.9 (83) | 37.9 (100) | <.0001 | 26.7 (92) | 42.8 (130) | 43.3 (91) | 42.8 (95) | 41.5 (76) | 0.0003 |
Perinatal characteristics | ||||||||||||
Unintended pregnancy | 52.2 (109) | 34.2 (79) | 25.4 (62) | 27.2 (67) | 30.2 (70) | <.0001 | 65.8 (225) | 63.8 (192) | 55.1 (109) | 52.2 (105) | 46.0 (63) | <.0001 |
Start of prenatal care | ||||||||||||
≤28 weeks | 77.5 (162) | 82.8 (193) | 85.4 (210) | 84.8 (228) | 83.7 (221) | 0.0826 | 60.9 (210) | 51.3 (156) | 55.7 (117) | 66.2 (147) | 66.7 (122) | 0.0214 |
>28 weeks | 4.8 (10) | 3.9 (9) | 4.9 (12) | 2.6 (7) | 4.2 (11) | 0.5403 | 6.4 (22) | 6.3 (19) | 4.3 (9) | 3.2 (7) | 3.8 (7) | 0.0508 |
None | 17.7 (37) | 13.3 (31) | 9.8 (24) | 12.6 (34) | 12.1 (32) | 0.1136 | 32.8 (113) | 42.4 (129) | 40.0 (84) | 30.6 (68) | 29.5 (54) | 0.1428 |
Injection drug use during pregnancy | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 51.6 (178) | 59.5 (181) | 61.9 (130) | 56.8 (126) | 62.3 (114) | 0.0387 |
Preterm delivery | 10.7 (22) | 15.7 (36) | 14.4 (35) | 15.2 (40) | 19.7 (51) | 0.0199 | 31.8 (108) | 36.0 (108) | 34.8 (72) | 31.7 (70) | 38.1 (69) | 0.4036 |
Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
Elective cesarean delivery | 5.3 (11) | 7.4 (17) | 7.4 (18) | 8.0 (21) | 7.7 (20) | 0.3419 | 2.3 (8) | 4.0 (12) | 3.9 (8) | 4.5 (10) | 5.5 (10) | 0.0684 |
Emergency cesarean delivery | 9.7 (20) | 9.6 (22) | 12.4 (30) | 13.4 (35) | 15.4 (40) | 0.0233 | 11.1 (38) | 6.3 (19) | 4.8 (10) | 9.1 (20) | 15.5 (28) | 0.2114 |
Vaginal | 85.0 (175) | 83.0 (190) | 80.3 (195) | 78.6 (206) | 76.8 (199) | 0.0124 | 86.6 (296) | 89.7 (271) | 91.3 (189) | 86.4 (191) | 79.0 (143) | 0.0347 |
Maternal clinical characteristics | ||||||||||||
HIV Diagnosis at Labor/Delivery | 12.5 (26) | 11.2 (26) | 6.9 (17) | 8.2 (22) | 9.9 (26) | 0.2089 | 18.6 (64) | 26.0 (79) | 22.4 (47) | 21.2 (47) | 18.6 (34) | 0.8095 |
Hepatitis C | 39.2 (82) | 33.9 (79) | 28.1 (69) | 32.7 (88) | 24.2 (64) | 0.0013 | 89.3 (308) | 90.5 (275) | 96.2 (202) | 88.7 (197) | 88.0 (161) | 0.7412 |
CD4 Test Performed | 57.9 (121) | 61.8 (144) | 73.6 (181) | 83.3 (224) | 80.3 (212) | <.0001 | 47.5 (164) | 39.1 (119) | 42.4 (89) | 55.0 (122) | 63.9 (117) | <.0001 |
CD4 count | ||||||||||||
≤200 | 0.8 (1) | 2.8 (4) | 2.8 (5) | 3.1 (7) | 2.8 (6) | 0.3366 | 3.1 (5) | 5.0 (6) | 6.7 (6) | 9.0 (11) | 8.6 (10) | 0.0200 |
201-350 | 14.1 (17) | 9.7 (14) | 9.4 (17) | 10.3 (23) | 9.0 (19) | 0.2599 | 12.8 (21) | 8.4 (10) | 13.5 (12) | 8.2 (10) | 12.8 (15) | 0.8713 |
>350 | 85.1 (103) | 87.5 (126) | 87.9 (159) | 86.6 (194) | 88.2 (187) | 0.5740 | 84.2 (138) | 86.6 (103) | 79.8 (71) | 82.8 (101) | 78.6 (92) | 0.1771 |
Viral Load Test Performed | 10.0 (21) | 18.1 (42) | 33.7 (83) | 54.7 (147) | 75.4 (199) | <.0001 | 7.5 (26) | 7.9 (24) | 20.5 (43) | 32.4 (72) | 57.9 (106) | <.0001 |
Viral load | ||||||||||||
>10,000 | 42.9 (9) | 23.8 (10) | 22.9 (19) | 18.4 (27) | 8.5 (17) | <.0001 | 42.3 (11) | 54.2 (13) | 23.3 (10) | 22.2 (16) | 12.3 (13) | <.0001 |
1,001-10,000 | 38.1 (8) | 42.9 (18) | 36.1 (30) | 26.5 (39) | 10.1 (20) | <.0001 | 34.6 (9) | 29.2 (7) | 32.6 (14) | 34.7 (25) | 16.7 (18) | 0.0362 |
≤1,000 | 19.1 (4) | 33.3 (14) | 41.0 (34) | 55.1 (81) | 81.4 (162) | <.0001 | 23.1 (6) | 16.7 (4) | 44.2 (19) | 43.1 (31) | 70.8 (75) | <.0001 |
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission and infant abandonment | ||||||||||||
Start of prenatal antiretroviral therapy | ||||||||||||
≤28 weeks | 44.9 (92) | 56.1 (129) | 67.1 (161) | 72.6 (188) | 72.3 (185) | <.0001 | 44.4 (152) | 35.9 (107) | 40.3 (81) | 50.7 (109) | 54.2 (96) | 0.0032 |
>28 weeks | 34.2 (70) | 24.4 (56) | 18.8 (45) | 10.8 (28) | 9.8 (25) | <.0001 | 19.0 (65) | 17.5 (52) | 12.4 (25) | 7.9 (17) | 7.9 (14) | <.0001 |
None | 21.0 (43) | 19.6 (45) | 14.2 (34) | 16.6 (43) | 18.0 (46) | 0.2958 | 36.6 (125) | 46.6 (139) | 47.3 (95) | 41.4 (89) | 37.9 (67) | 0.7900 |
Type of antiretroviral prophylaxis | ||||||||||||
Full course dual/triple ARV prophylaxis4 | 13.9 (29) | 15.0 (35) | 18.7 (46) | 55.8 (150) | 59.1 (156) | <.0001 | 9.3 (32) | 5.3 (16) | 17.6 (37) | 41.9 (93) | 43.7 (80) | <.0001 |
Full course AZT prophylaxis5 | 61.2 (128) | 59.7 (139) | 64.2 (158) | 22.7 (61) | 20.5 (54) | <.0001 | 50.4 (174) | 45.1 (137) | 33.3 (70) | 16.2 (36) | 16.9 (31) | <.0001 |
Incomplete ARV prophylaxis6 | 24.9 (52) | 25.3 (59) | 17.1 (42) | 21.6 (58) | 20.5 (54) | 0.1534 | 40.3 (139) | 49.7 (151) | 49.1 (103) | 41.9 (93) | 39.3 (72) | 0.6076 |
Infant follow-up | 75.5 (154/204) | 69.6 (156/224) | 71.7 (172/240) | 66.5 (173/260) | 41.8 (107/256) | <.0001 | 84.7 (282/333) | 78.9 (232/294) | 82.8 (168/203) | 66.1 (142/215) | 32.8 (58/177) | <.0001 |
Perinatal HIV transmission 7 | 3.9 (6/154) | 5.8 (9/156) | 3.5 (6/172) | 2.9 (5/173) | NA | 0.4250 | 6.0 (17/282) | 10.3 (24/232) | 7.1 (12/168) | 3.5 (5/142) | NA | 0.3851 |
Infant abandonment | 5.5 (11/202) | 3.2 (7/221) | 3.0 (7/237) | 4.3 (11/257) | 3.5 (9/255) | 0.5531 | 15.6 (51/326) | 20.2 (55/273) | 18.8 (33/176) | 9.8 (20/205) | 9.9 (17/172) | 0.0090 |