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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the 81,081 adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosed from 2004 to 2009

From: Treatment delay and fatal outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis in advanced age: a retrospective nationwide cohort study

Age (years)

20–64 N = 40,261

65–79 N = 26,897

80 and above N = 13,923

Male

26,377 (65.5%)

19,935 (74.1%)*

9855 (70.8%)*,†

Pre-DOTS era (2004–2005)

14,694 (36.5%)

10,030 (37.3%)*

4189 (30.1%)*,†

DOTS era (2006–2009)

25,567 (63.5%)

16,867 (62.7%)*

9734 (69.9%)*,†

Comorbidities

 Diabetes mellitus

9148 (22.7%)

9606 (35.7%)*

4248 (30.5%)*,†

 COPD

950 (2.4%)

3114 (11.6%)*

2568 (18.4%)*,†

 Malignancy

2242 (5.6%)

3239 (12.0%)*

1583 (11.4%)*,†

 ESRD

786 (2.0%)

882 (3.3%)*

241 (1.7%)†

 Autoimmune disease

435 (1.1%)

306 (1.1%)

78 (0.6%)*,†

 Liver cirrhosis

316 (0.8%)

99 (0.4%)*

35 (0.3%)*

 Pneumoconiosis

12 (0.0%)

44 (0.2%)*

10 (0.1%)*,†

 AIDS

404 (1.0%)

36 (0.1%)*

9 (0.1%)*

 Transplantation

100 (0.25%)

24 (0.06%)*

0*,†

Low income status

1657 (4.1%)

838 (3.1%)*

373 (2.7%)*,†

Diagnostic procedures during the last 2 months before anti-TB treatment

 Bronchoscopy

3857 (9.6%)

3010 (11.2%)*

1136 (8.2%)*,†

 CT scan

13,504 (33.5%)

11,255 (41.8%)*

5828 (41.9%)*

 CT-guided biopsy

702 (1.7%)

546 (2.0%)*

156 (1.1%)*,†

Healthcare system factors of initial visits

 Hospital accreditation level

 

*

*,†

  Medical centers

5525 (13.7%)

3985 (14.8%)

2256 (16.2%)

  Regional hospitals

14,657 (36.4%)

10,392 (38.6%)

6545 (47.0%)

  Local hospitals or clinics

20,079 (49.9%)

12,520 (46.5%)

5122 (36.8%)

 In urban area

30,862 (76.7%)

18,583 (69.1%)*

10,199 (73.3%)*,†

Pulmonologists or infection specialists

7170 (17.8%)

4255 (15.8%)*

2677 (19.2%)*,†

Baseline TB severity

 Extrapulmonary involvement

4317 (10.7%)

2531 (9.4%)*

846 (6.3%)*,†

 Second-line anti-TB drugs ≥14 days

5695 (14.1%)

5245 (19.5%)*

2951 (21.2%)*,†

Within 14 days of commencing anti-TB treatment

 Hospitalisation

17,946 (44.6%)

15,038 (55.9%)*

9288 (66.7%)*,†

  Admission to intensive care units

2337 (5.8%)

3353 (12.5%)*

2826 (20.3%)*,†

  Invasive ventilatory support

1886 (4.7%)

3065 (11.4%)*

2797 (20.1%)*,†

  Non-invasive ventilatory support

290 (0.7%)

533 (2.0%)*

478 (3.4%)*,†

Duration of anti-TB treatment (day)

212 (185–281)

204 (181–277)*

189 (127–260)*,†

 Treated with isoniazid

188 (152–259)

184 (86–246)*

159 (41–209)*,†

 Treated with rifamycin

191 (171–259)

185 (141–243)*

167 (50–210)*,†

 Treated with ethambutol

176 (144–240)

169 (75–214)*

138 (39–189)*,†

 Treated with pyrazinamide

63 (49–87)

58 (28–81)*

49 (7–70)*,†

Intensive phase (first 2 months)

 Treated with isoniazid (day)

60 (53–60)

59 (42–60)*

53 (19–60)*,†

 Treated with rifamycin (day)

58 (50–60)

54 (42–60)*

49 (26–58)*,†

 Treated with ethambutol (day)

57 (51–58)

54 (38–58)*

49 (21–57)*,†

 Treated with pyrazinamide (day)

54 (41–60)

47 (19–57)*

36 (3–53)*,†

Anti-TB treatment outcome at one year

 Completed

31,756 (78.9%)

18,377 (68.3%)*

7623 (54.8%)*,†

 Died

2602 (6.5%)

4978 (18.5%)*

4831 (34.7%)*,†

 Died within 2 months

1145 (2.8%)

1926 (7.2%)*

1944 (14.0%)*,†

  1. Abbreviations: AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CT computerised tomography, DOTS directly observed treatment, short course, ESRD end-stage renal disease
  2. Data are expressed as the median (1st–3rd quartiles) or number (%) as appropriate
  3. *P-value <0.05 compared against the group with age of 20–64 years. † P-value <0.05 compared against the group with age of 65–79 years
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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