Table 1 The characteristics and results of quality assessment of the included studies
Literature | Period | Region | Sample size | Age of subjects | Inspection methods | Participants with Hi | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu Q, 1993 [7] | 1989–1990 | Beijing | 115 | 2~6y | Culture, Hi grouping serum | 37 | 7 |
Lai G, 1997 [8] | 1996.01 | Shanghai | 181 | 2~11y | Culture | 49 | 6 |
Wang G, 1999 [9] | / | Shanghai | 255 | ≤18y | Culture, Hi grouping serum | 66 | 6 |
Zhang Y, 2000 [10] | 1999 | Zhangjiakou; Hebei province | 319 | 4~60y | Culture | 73 | 7 |
Chen L, 2000 [11] | / | Wuhan; Hubei province | 52 | / | Culture | 6 | 6 |
Zhang H, 2001 [12] | 1998–1999 | Fuzhou; Fujian province | 2053 | 3~6y | Culture | 403 | 7 |
Cao G, 2002 [13] | 2000–2001 | Hangzhou; Zhejiang province | 897 | 4~7y | Culture | 159 | 7 |
Chen Q, 2002 [14] | 1998–2001 | Nanchang; Jiangxi province | 60 | 1 m-14y | Culture | 1 | 6 |
Hou A, 2002 [15] | 1995–2000 | Beijing | 307 | ≤13y | Culture | 20 | 7 |
Luo X, 2002 [16] | / | Zhongshan; Guangdong province | 178 | 18-56y | Culture | 46 | 6 |
Chen Z, 2002 [17] | / | Hangzhou; Zhejiang province | 37 | 25.8 ± 9.8 m | Culture, PCR | 3 | 6 |
Zhou H, 2003 [18] | 2001–2001 | Guangzhou; Guangdong province | 150 | 3~5y | Culture | 37 | 6 |
Zeng Y, 2003 [19] | / | Chongqing | 400 | ≤5y | Culture | 64 | 6 |
Hua C, 2005 [20] | 2002–2003 | Hangzhou; Zhejiang province | 848 | 2~5y | Culture, Hi grouping serum | 217 | 6 |
Zhao X, 2005 [21] | 2002 | Zhongshan; Guangdong province | 327 | 6-9y | Culture | 39 | 6 |
Luo X, 2006 [22] | 2003 | Zhongshan; Guangdong province | 186 | 3-6y | Culture | 45 | 7 |
Liu L, 2007 [23] | / | Chongqing | 150 | / | Culture | 15 | 7 |
Lai Z, 2007 [24] | / | Dongguan; Guangdong province | 546 | 4-6y | Culture | 109 | 7 |
Li R, 2007 [25] | 2001 | Shijiazhuang; Hebei province | 890 | ≤5y | Culture | 139 | 8 |
Chen D, 2007 [26] | / | Beijing | 561 | 3-6y | Culture | 134 | 6 |
Wu T, 2007 [27] | 2006–2006 | Danyang, Binhai; Jiangsu province | 656 | ≤5y | Culture, PCR | 389 | 7 |
Dong H, 2008 [28] | 2005–2005 | Shanghai | 501 | 60-92y | Culture | 38 | 7 |
Wang F, 2009 [29] | 2007–2008 | Jianggan; Zhejiang province | 101 | ≤5y | Culture, Hi grouping serum, PCR | 21 | 7 |
Sun J, 2009 [30] | 2008–2008 | Shenzhen; Guangdong province | 380 | all ages | Culture, PCR | 121 | 8 |
Chen H, 2009 [31] | / | Shenzhen; Guangdong province | 181 | 3~6y | Culture | 45 | 6 |
Ye J, 2009 [32] | 2007–2008 | Changshan, Dongyang, Jianggan; Zhejiang province | 301 | ≤5y | Culture, Hi grouping serum | 43 | 7 |
Meng X, 2009 [33] | / | Shenzhen; Guangdong province | 360 | 3-7y | Culture, Hi grouping serum | 90 | 7 |
Zhang J. 2010 [34] | 2009 | Quzhou; Zhejiang province | 70 | 3-5y | Culture, Hi grouping serum | 12 | 6 |
Li Y, 2010 [35] | 2008 | Dongyang; Zhejiang province | 238 | ≥6 m | Culture, Hi grouping serum | 21 | 6 |
Wang J, 2010 [36] | 2007–2009 | Weihai; Shandong province | 820 | / | Culture | 98 | 6 |
Zhang L, 2011 [37] | / | Dongguan; Guangdong province | 600 | 12-18 m | Culture | 25 | 7 |
Di M, 2012 [38] | 2010–2011 | Dongcheng; Beijing | 834 | 1–12y | Culture, Hi grouping serum | 73 | 7 |
Ye Y, 2012 [39] | / | Jinshan; Shanghai | 390 children & 240 elders | ≤14y & 60-80y | Culture | 82 | 7 |
Ping G, 2013 [40] | 2009–2010 | Xuanwu; Beijing | 600 | 12-18 m | Culture | 27 | 7 |
Zhai R, 2013 [41] | / | / | 158 | 20-34y | Culture | 8 | 6 |
Qiao H, 2013 [42] | 2010 | Zhangjiakou; Hebei province | 100 | 3-5y | Culture, PCR | 31 | 6 |
Chen X, 2013 [43] | / | / | 400 | / | Culture | 125 | 6 |
Wang Y, 2013 [44] | / | Baoding; Hebei province | 162 | all ages | Culture, Real-time PCR | 62 | 8 |
Xiong W, 2014 [45] | 2013 | Chongqing | 150 | ≤6y | Culture | 11 | 6 |
Zhai R, 2014 [46] | / | / | 70 | 17-32y | Culture | 11 | 6 |
Zhao X, 2015 [5] | 2012–2013 | Huairou; Beijing | 472 | 2–5y | Culture | 45 | 6 |
Pan H, 2016 [4] | 2010–2011 | Chaoshan; Guangdong province | 1088 | 2-6y | Culture | 20 | 8 |