Table 4 Univarite and multivariate analyses in identification factors associated with hepatitis B infection
Factors | Hepatitis B infection | χ2 (p-value) | OR | 95% CI | p-value | ORAdj | 95% CI | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) | No n (%) | ||||||||
Sex | |||||||||
 Male | 150 (25.6) | 435 (74.4) | 0.42 (0.519) | 0.93 | 0.73–1.17 | 0.519 |  |  |  |
 Female | 246 (27.2) | 660 (72.8) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  | |
Age (years) | |||||||||
  < 30 | 18 (27.3) | 48 (72.3) | 7.72 (0.021a) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 30–60 | 338 (27.9) | 874 (72.1) | 1.03 | 0.59–1.80 | 0.914 |  |  |  | |
  > 60 | 40 (30.1) | 173 (69.9) | 0.62 | 0.33–1.17 | 0.140 |  |  |  | |
Tribe | |||||||||
 Akha | 81 (27.5) | 214 (72.5) | 11.50 (0.042a) | 1.14 | 0.79–1.63 | 0.490 | 1.08 | 0.73–1.59 | 0.694 |
 Lahu | 84 (24.3) | 262 (75.7) | 0.96 | 0.68–1.37 | 0.829 | 0.91 | 0.62–1.33 | 0.623 | |
 Hmong | 70 (23.4) | 229 (76.6) | 0.92 | 0.63–1.33 | 0.646 | 0.99 | 0.67–1.46 | 0.966 | |
 Yao | 57 (34.1) | 110 (65.9) | 1.56 | 1.03–2.34 | 0.034a | 1.64 | 1.08–2.49 | 0.020a | |
 Lisu | 25 (36.8) | 43 (63.2) | 1.74 | 1.00–3.04 | 0.049a | 1.93 | 1.10–3.41 | 0.023a | |
 Karen | 79 (25.0) | 237 (75.0) | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | |
Marital status | |||||||||
  Married | 18 (24.7) | 55 (75.3) | 5.42 (0.066) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Single | 353 (27.5) | 929 (72.5) | 1.16 | 0.67–2.01 | 0.592 |  |  |  | |
 Ever married | 25 (18.4) | 111 (81.6) | 0.69 | 0.35–1.37 | 0.286 |  |  |  | |
Religion | |||||||||
 Buddhism | 205 (24.7) | 625 (75.3) | 3.32 (0.068) | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Christianity | 191 (28.9) | 470 (71.1) | 1.24 | 1.01–1.56 | 0.049a | 1.41 | 1.06–1.87 | 0.017a | |
Education | |||||||||
 Illiterate | 198 (24.2) | 621 (75.8) | 12.28 (0.006a) | 0.83 | 0.48–1.42 | 0.496 |  |  |  |
 Primary school | 100 (26.1) | 283 (73.9) | 0.92 | 0.52–1.62 | 0.768 |  |  |  | |
 Secondary school | 78 (35.9) | 139 (64.1) | 1.46 | 0.81–2.62 | 0.206 |  |  |  | |
 High school and above | 20 (27.8) | 52 (72.2) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  | |
Having Thai ID card | |||||||||
 Yes | 373 (26.3) | 1047 (73.7) | 1.30 (0.254) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 23 (32.4) | 48 (67.6) | 1.35 | 0.81–2.24 | 0.156 |  |  |  | |
Having free access to health care services | |||||||||
 Yes | 376 (26.5) | 1044 (73.5) | 0.10 (0.753) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 20 (28.2) | 51 (71.8) | 0.92 | 0.54–1.56 | 0.761 |  |  |  | |
Occupation | |||||||||
 Farmer | 345 (24.5) | 957 (73.5) | 6.97 (0.031a) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
  Working in a trade | 16 (44.4) | 20 (55.6) | 2.22 | 1.14–4.33 | 0.019a |  |  |  | |
  Daily wage employee | 35 (22.9) | 118 (77.1) | 0.82 | 0.55–1.22 | 0.335 |  |  |  | |
Number of family members (persons) | |||||||||
  < 4 | 202 (27.9) | 523 (72.1) | 1.39 (0.499) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 4–7 | 153 (25.7) | 443 (74.3) | 0.89 | 0.70–1.14 | 0.372 |  |  |  | |
  > 7 | 41 (24.1) | 129 (75.9) | 0.82 | 0.56–1.21 | 0.324 |  |  |  | |
Income (baht) | |||||||||
  < 10,000 | 45 (28.5) | 113 (71.5) | 9.65 (0.008a) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 10,001 – 50,000 | 222 (23.9) | 707 (76.1) | 0.78 | 0.54–1.15 | 0.217 |  |  |  | |
  > 50,000 | 129 (31.9) | 275 (68.1) | 1.18 | 0.79–1.76 | 0.427 |  |  |  | |
History of having hepatitis B vaccination | |||||||||
 Yes | 65 (25.7) | 188 (74.3) | 3.52 (0.318) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 227 (27.4) | 601 (72.6) | 1.09 | 0.79–1.51 | 0.589 |  |  |  | |
 Not sure | 78 (27.9) | 202 (72.1) | 1.12 | 0.76–1.64 | 0.573 |  |  |  | |
 Don’t know | 26 (20.0) | 104 (8.0) | 0.72 | 0.43–1.21 | 0.216 |  |  |  | |
History of having hepatitis B infection in family member | |||||||||
 Yes | 24 (30.8) | 54 (29.2) | 7.84 (0.049a) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 278 (26.3) | 781 (72.7) | 0.80 | 0.49–1.32 | 0.384 |  |  |  | |
 Not sure | 62 (32.3) | 130 (67.7) | 1.07 | 0.61–1.89 | 0.808 |  |  |  | |
 Don’t know | 32 (19.8) | 130 (80.2) | 0.55 | 0.29–1.03 | 0.061 |  |  |  | |
Tattooed | |||||||||
 No | 345 (26.2) | 972 (73.8) | 0.76 (0.382) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 51 (29.3) | 123 (70.7) | 1.17 | 0.82–1.66 | 0.382 |  |  |  | |
Ear pierced | |||||||||
 No | 183 (26.2) | 516 (73.8) | 0.10 (0.756) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 213 (26.9) | 579 (73.1) | 1.04 | 0.82–1.31 | 0.756 |  |  |  | |
History of blood transfusion | |||||||||
 No | 384 (26.6) | 1062 (73.4) | 0.00 (0.987) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 12 (26.7) | 33 (73.3) | 1.01 | 0.51–1.97 | 0.987 |  |  |  | |
History of organ transplantation | |||||||||
 No | 391 (26.6) | 1077 (73.4) | 0.28 (0.598) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 5 (38.5) | 18 (61.5) | 0.77 | 0.28–2.08 | 0.599 |  |  |  | |
History of medical surgery | |||||||||
 No | 350 (26.4) | 975 (73.6) | 0.13 (0.722) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 46 (27.7) | 120 (72.3) | 1.07 | 0.74–1.53 | 0.722 |  |  |  | |
Receiving a drug injection from an untrained medical professional | |||||||||
 No | 387 (26.8) | 1055 (73.2) | 1.74 (0.187) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 9 (27.4) | 40 (72.6) | 0.61 | 0.30–1.28 | 0.191 |  |  |  | |
Having acupuncture | |||||||||
 No | 363 (26.4) | 1014 (73.6) | 0.36 (0.548) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 33 (28.9) | 81 (71.1) | 1.14 | 0.75–1.74 | 0.548 |  |  |  | |
Sharing toothbrush | |||||||||
 No | 365 (34.6) | 1019 (65.4) | 0.34 (0.558) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 31 (28.9) | 76 (71.1) | 1.14 | 0.74–1.76 | 0.558 |  |  |  | |
Alcohol use | |||||||||
 Yes | 133 (23.6) | 431 (76.4) | 4.12 (0.042a) | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 No | 263 (28.4) | 664 (71.6) | 1.28 | 1.01–1.63 | 0.043a | 1.29 | 1.01–1.65 | 0.040a | |
Methamphetamine use | |||||||||
 Yes | 11 (22.0) | 39 (78.0) | 0.55 (0.458) | 0.77 | 0.39–1.53 | 0.459 |  |  |  |
 No | 385 (26.7) | 1056 (73.3) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  | |
Heroin use | |||||||||
 Yes | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0.96 (0.328) | 2.08 | 0.46–9.34 | 0.338 |  |  |  |
 No | 393 (26.5) | 1091 (73.5) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  | |
Opium use | |||||||||
 Yes | 13 (54.5) | 38 (74.5) | 0.03 (0.860) | 0.94 | 0.50–1.79 | 0.860 |  |  |  |
 No | 383 (26.6) | 1057 (73.4) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  | |
Marijuana use | |||||||||
 Yes | 5 (16.1) | 26 (83.9) | 1.77 (0.184) | 0.53 | 0.20–1.38 | 0.191 |  |  |  |
 No | 391 (26.8) | 1069 (73.2) | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  | |