Variable | Non-ICU (n = 1301) | ICU (n = 108) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | |||
Male sex | 1067 (82%) | 100 (92.6%) | 0.005 |
Age (years) | 38 (30–49) | 49.5 (39.5–60) | < 0.001 |
Age group (years) |  |  | < 0.001 |
 15–24 | 113 (8.7%) | 3 (2.8%) |  |
 25–34 | 391 (30.1%) | 12 (11.1%) |  |
 35–44 | 353 (27.1%) | 24 (22.2%) |  |
 45–54 | 250 (19.2%) | 25 (23.1%) |  |
 55–64 | 138 (10.6%) | 28 (25.9%) |  |
  ≥ 65 | 56 (4.3%) | 16 (14.8%) |  |
Nationality according to WHO region | Â | Â | 0.005 |
 African Region | 27 (2.1%) | 2 (1.9%) |  |
 Eastern Mediterranean Region | 449 (34.5%) | 36 (33.3%) |  |
 European Region | 22 (1.7%) | 2 (1.9%) |  |
 Region of the Americas | 11 (0.8%) | 2 (1.9%) |  |
 South-East Asia Region | 739 (56.8%) | 52 (48.1%) |  |
 Western Pacific Region | 53 (4.1%) | 14 (13%) |  |
Healthcare workers | 60 (4.6%) | 3 (2.8%) | 0.48 |
Pregnant | 18 (1.4%) | 1 (0.9%) | 1.0 |
Diabetes mellitus | 275 (21.1%) | 52 (48.1%) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 248 (19.1%) | 52 (48.1%) | < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease | 31 (2.4%) | 10 (9.3%) | < 0.001 |
Chronic lung disease | 73 (5.6%) | 10 (9.3%) | 0.12 |
Chronic liver disease | 14 (1.1%) | 4 (3.7%) | 0.043 |
Chronic kidney disease | 21 (1.6%) | 13 (12%) | < 0.001 |
Malignancy | 18 (1.4%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0.66 |
Number of comorbidities |  |  | < 0.001 |
 None | 859 (66.0%) | 35 (32.4%) |  |
 One comorbidity | 268 (20.6%) | 33 (30.6%) |  |
 Two comorbidities | 124 (9.5%) | 20 (18.5%) |  |
 More than two comorbidities | 50 (3.8%) | 20 (18.5%) |  |
Current or past smoker | 121/806 (15%) | 9/52 (17.3%) | 0.71 |
Mode of presentation |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Screening or contact tracing | 390/1293 (30.2%) | 0 |  |
 Symptomatic | 903/1293 (69.8%) | 108 (100%) |  |
Symptoms | |||
 Fever | 710/1289 (55.1%) | 105 (97.2%) | < 0.001 |
 Cough | 730/1289 (56.6%) | 97 (89.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Sore throat | 345/1289 (26.8%) | 21 (19.4%) | 0.11 |
 Rhinorrhea | 130/1289 (10.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | < 0.001 |
 Dyspnea | 156/1289 (12.1%) | 56 (51.9%) | < 0.001 |
 Fatigue | 121/1289 (9.4%) | 15 (13.9%) | 0.13 |
 Generalized pain | 265/1289 (19.9%) | 21 (19.4%) | 0.9 |
 Diarrhea | 53/1289 (4.1%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0.43 |
 Nausea and/or vomiting | 52/1289 (4.0%) | 10 (9.3%) | 0.024 |
Measurements, vital signs, and laboratory results within the first 24 h of hospitalization | |||
 Body mass indexa (kg/m2) | 26.6 (23.8–29.7) | 28.2 (25.8–31.6) | < 0.001 |
 Systolic blood pressure†(mmHg) | 117.0 (108–127) | 116 (103.5–126) | 0.074 |
 Temperatureb (o C) | 37.0 (36.8–37.9) | 37.8 (37.1–38.7) | < 0.001 |
 Hear ratec (beats per minute) | 86 (78–97) | 95 (86–108) | < 0.001 |
 Respiratory rated (breaths per minute) | 19 (18–20) | 26.5 (20–32.5) | < 0.001 |
 Oxygen saturatione (%) | 98 (96–99) | 94 (91–96) | < 0.001 |
 White blood cell countf (×109 cells per L) | 6.4 (5.0–7.9) | 6.6 (5.2–8.6) | 0.058 |
 Lymphocyte countg (× 109 cells per L) | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | < 0.001 |
 Platelet countg (×109 cells per L) | 235 (189–283) | 202.5 (171.5–242.5) | < 0.001 |
 Serum sodiumh (mmol/L) | 138 (136–140) | 135 (133–137) | < 0.001 |
 Serum creatininei (μmol/L) | 80 (68–90) | 90 (76.5–108.5) | < 0.001 |
 CRPj (mg/L) | 7.0 (5–33.8) | 107.7 (55.3–169.5) | < 0.001 |
 ALTk (U/L) | 27 (19–40) | 32 (21.5–50.5) | < 0.001 |
 Chest radiology showing pulmonary infiltrates | 457/1275 (35.8%) | 102 (94.4%) | < 0.001 |
Management | |||
 Highest respiratory support in the first 24 h of hospitalization |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Ambient air | 1226 (94.2%) | 7 (6.5%) |  |
  Oxygen via face mask or nasal canulae | 75 (5.8%) | 45 (41.7%) |  |
  Non–invasive mechanical ventilation | 0 | 14 (13%) |  |
  Invasive mechanical ventilation | 0 | 42 (38.9%) |  |
 Invasive mechanical ventilation anytime during hospitalization | 0 | 91 (84.3%) | < 0.001 |
 Vasopressor support | 2 (0.2%) | 66 (61.1%) | < 0.001 |
 Renal replacement therapy | 4 (0.3%) | 16 (14.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Antiviral and Anti–inflammatory Therapy |  |  |  |
  Hydroxychloroquine | 936 (71.9%) | 108 (100.0%) | < 0.001 |
  Azithromycin | 791 (60.8%) | 107 (99.1%) | < 0.001 |
  Lopinavir–ritonavir | 435 (33.4%) | 87 (80.6%) | < 0.001 |
  Ribavirin | 33 (2.5%) | 74 (68.5%) | < 0.001 |
  Interferon | 1 (0.1%) | 26 (24.1%) | < 0.001 |
  Tocilizumab | 12 (0.9%) | 99 (91.7%) | < 0.001 |
  Systemic corticosteroids | 7 (0.5%) | 71 (65.7%) | < 0.001 |
Complications | |||
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 0 | 94 (87%) | < 0.001 |
 Acute kidney injury | 20 (1.5%) | 47 (43.5%) | < 0.001 |
 Myocardial injury | 4 (0.3%) | 16 (14.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Thromboembolism | 0 | 3 (2.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Arrhythmia | 0 | 4 (3.7%) | < 0.001 |
Length of stay (days) | |||
 Hospital length of stay | 7 (3–12) | 24.5 (19–37.5) | < 0.001 |
 ICU length of stay | NA | 12 (8–21) | NA |