Characteristic | Overall (N = 150) %/M ± SD | Smokers (n = 126) n(%)/M ± SD | Non-smokers (n = 24) n(%)/M ± SD | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Psychiatric conditions | ||||
 Depression | 73(48.7) | 64(50.8) | 9(37.5) | .23 |
 Anxiety | 42(28.0) | 33(26.2) | 9(37.5) | .25 |
 Bipolar | 22(14.7) | 18(14.3) | 4(16.7) | .76 |
 Psychosis | 7(4.7) | 5(4.0) | 2(8.3) | .35 |
 Post-traumatic stress disorder | 13(8.7) | 9(7.1) | 4(16.7) | .12 |
 Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 1(0.7) | 1(0.8) | 0(0.0) | .66 |
 Any | 99(66.0) | 84(66.7) | 15(62.5) | .69 |
QOL - EQ-5D-3L (≥some/moderate problems) | ||||
 Mobility | 71(47.3) | 60(47.6) | 11 (45.8) | .87 |
 Self-care | 22(14.7) | 17(13.5) | 5(20.8) | .35 |
 Usual activities | 68(45.3) | 58(46.0) | 10(41.7) | .69 |
 Pain/discomfort | 114(76.0) | 98(77.8) | 16(66.7) | .24 |
 Anxiety/depression | 100(66.7) | 85(67.5) | 15(62.5) | .63 |
QOL - EQ-5D-3L composite score | 0.05(1.29) | 0.05(1.35) | 0.06(0.9) | .72 |
BMI | 27.8(5.3) | 27.7(5.0) | 28.4(6.5) | .56 |
Chronic health conditions | ||||
 Arthritis | 10(6.6) | 8(6.3) | 2(8.3) | .71 |
 Asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 38(25.3) | 30(23.8) | 8(33.3) | .32 |
 Coronary artery disease | 4(2.7) | 4(3.2) | 0(0.0) | .37 |
 Congestive heart failure | 2(1.3) | 1(0.8) | 1(4.2) | .18 |
 Chronic pain syndrome | 9(6) | 6(4.8) | 3(12.5) | .14 |
 Diabetes | 26(17.3) | 18(14.3) | 8(33.3) | .02 |
 Cirrhosis | 41(27.3) | 33(26.2) | 8(33.3) | .47 |
 Gastro-esophageal reflux disease/peptic ulcer disease | 13(8.7) | 11(8.7) | 2(8.3) | .95 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 12(8) | 10(7.9) | 2(8.3) | .94 |
 Hypertension | 58(38.7) | 47(37.3) | 11(45.8) | .43 |
 Low back pain | 23(15.3) | 19(15.1) | 4(16.7) | .84 |
 Migraine/headaches | 5(3.3) | 5(4.0) | 0(0.0) | .32 |
 Obstructive sleep apnea | 1(0.7) | 1(0.8) | 0(0.0) | .66 |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 3(2) | 2(1.6) | 1(4.2) | .40 |
 Renal insufficiency | 6(4) | 4(3.2) | 2(8.3) | .24 |
 Seizure disorder | 5(3.3) | 4(3.2) | 1(4.1) | .80 |
 Thyroid disease | 5(3.3) | 5(3.9) | 0(0.0) | .32 |
 Any chronic condition | 104(69.3) | 85(67.4) | 19(79.1) | .25 |