Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the primary analysis cohorts
Primary Analysis Cohort | Unmatched | Propensity score matched | Unmatched | Propensity score matched | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACE-I (n = 31,194) | CCB (n = 27,500) | ACE-I (n = 18,895) | CCB (n = 18,895) | ARB (n = 13,377) | CCB (n = 27,500) | ARB (n = 10,623) | CCB (n = 10,623) | |
Age, mean (SD) | 60.8 (11.7) | 67.4 (10.8) | 64.7 (11.2) | 63.4 (9.6) | 63.8 (11.3) | 67.4 (10.8) | 65.0 (11.1) | 64.55 (11.5) |
Age categories, n (%) | ||||||||
 18–30 years | 123 (0.4) | 28 (0.1) | 34 (0.2) | 28 (0.2) | 23 (0.2) | 28 (0.1) | 14 (0.1) | 26 (0.2) |
 30–40 years | 875 (2.8) | 309 (1.1) | 213 (1.1) | 308 (1.6) | 206 (1.5) | 309 (1.1) | 118 (1.1) | 238 (2.2) |
 40–50 years | 4466 (14.3) | 1302 (4.7) | 1445 (7.7) | 1297 (6.9) | 1298 (9.7) | 1302 (4.7) | 834 (7.9) | 865 (8.1) |
 50–60 years | 10,214 (32.7) | 4836 (17.6) | 5018 (26. 6) | 4694 (24.8) | 3556 (26.6) | 4836 (17.6) | 2623 (24.7) | 2472 (23.3) |
 60–70 years | 8448 (27.1) | 9521 (34.6) | 5879 (31. 1) | 7969 (42.2) | 4157 (31.1) | 9521 (34.6) | 3388 (31.9) | 3497 (32.9) |
 70–80 years | 5380 (17.3) | 8376 (30.5) | 4666 (24.7) | 3974 (21.0) | 3097 (23.2) | 8376 (30.5) | 2703 (25.4) | 2617 (24.6) |
 > 80 years | 1688 (5.4) | 3128 (11.4) | 1640 (8.7) | 625 (3.3) | 1040 (7.8) | 3128 (11.4) | 943 (8.9) | 908 (8.6) |
Sex (Male), n (%) | 15,213 (48.8) | 12,547 (45.6) | 8870 (46.9) | 9243 (48.9) | 5379 (40.2) | 12,547 (45.6) | 4628 (43.6) | 4463 (42.0) |
Smoker categories, n (%) | ||||||||
 Non Smoker | 17,968 (57.6) | 15,514 (56.4) | 10,725 (56.8) | 10,668 (56.5) | 8390 (62.7) | 15,514 (56.4) | 6384 (60.1) | 6473 (60.9) |
 Ex-Smoker | 9073 (29.1) | 8329 (30.3) | 5677 (30.0) | 5700 (30.2) | 3865 (28.9) | 8329 (30.3) | 3186 (30.0) | 3137 (29.5) |
 Smoker | 3962 (12.7) | 3483 (12.7) | 2402 (12.7) | 2431 (12.9) | 1058 (7.9) | 3483 (12.7) | 1005 (9.5) | 967 (9.1) |
 Missing | 191 (0.6) | 174 (0.6) | 91 (0.5) | 96 (0.5) | 64 (0.5) | 174 (0.6) | 48 (0.5) | 46 (0.4) |
Drinker Categories, n (%) | ||||||||
 Non-drinker | 4716 (15.1) | 4186 (15.2) | 2874 (15.2) | 2856 (15.1) | 2013 (15.1) | 4186 (15.2) | 1587 (14.9) | 1508 (14.2) |
 Drinker without excess | 11,716 (37.6) | 10,281 (37.4) | 7082 (37.5) | 7134 (37.8) | 5157 (38.6) | 10,281 (37.4) | 4023 (37.9) | 3976 (37.4) |
 Excessive Drinker | 7614 (24.4) | 6238 (22.7) | 4464 (23.6) | 4673 (24.7) | 2908 (21.7) | 6238 (22.7) | 2414 (22.7) | 2368 (22.3) |
 Missing | 7148 (22.9) | 6795 (24.7) | 4475 (23.7) | 4232 (22.4) | 3299 (24.7) | 6795 (24.7) | 2599 (24.5) | 2771 (26.1) |
BMI, mean (SD) | 30.3 (6.4) | 28.44 (5.6) | 29.36 (6.0) | 29.48 (5.7) | 30.37 (6.2) | 28.44 (5.6) | 29.58 (5.9) | 29.65 (5.9) |
BMI Categories, n (%) | ||||||||
 Underweight (< 18.5) | 173 (0.6) | 343 (1.3) | 151 (0.8) | 105 (0. 6) | 67 (0.5) | 343 (1.3) | 65 (0.6) | 62 (0.6) |
 Underweight (< 25) | 5597 (17.9) | 6898 (25.1) | 4059 (21.5) | 3645 (19.3) | 2243 (16.8) | 6898 (25.1) | 2074 (19.5) | 2033 (19.1) |
 Overweight (25–30) | 10,948 (35.1) | 10,536 (38.3) | 7156 (37.9) | 7171 (38.0) | 4718 (35.3) | 10,536 (38.3) | 4055 (38.2) | 3894 (36.7) |
 Obese (> 30) | 13,300 (42.6) | 8470 (30.8) | 6771 (35.8) | 7271 (38.5) | 5854 (43.8) | 8470 (30.8) | 4004 (37.7) | 4185 (39.4) |
 Missing | 1176 (3.8) | 1253 (4.6) | 758 (4.0) | 703 (3.7) | 495 (3.7) | 1253 (4.6) | 425 (4.0) | 449 (4.2) |
Hypertension duration, mean years (SD) | 9.8 (7.4) | 8.6 (7.5) | 9.4 (6.9) | 9.4 (8.0) | 11.4 (7.5) | 8.6 (7.5) | 10.5 (7.0) | 11.3 (8.3) |
Age at hypertension diagnosis, mean (SD) | 51.0 (10.9) | 58.8 (11.2) | 55.3 (10.4) | 54.0 (9.1) | 52.4 (10.9) | 58.8 (11.2) | 54.5 (10.4) | 53.2 (11.0) |
Systolic BP, mean (SD) | 135.9 (13.8) | 137.3 (13.6) | 136.7 (14.0) | 136.4 (13.1) | 136.3 (13.6) | 137.3 (13.6) | 136.8 (13.6) | 136.6 (13.4) |
Diastolic BP, mean (SD) | 81.7 (9.4) | 79.76 (9.3) | 80.6 (9.3) | 81.09 (9.0) | 80.8 (9.1) | 79.8 (9.3) | 80.5 (9.2) | 80.5 (9.3) |
Missing, n (%) | 80 (0.3) | 63 (0.2) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 22 (0.2) | 63 (0.2) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Cholesterol, mean (SD) | 5.13 (1.03) | 5.13 (1.04) | 5.12 (1.04) | 5.13 (1.04) | 5.13 (1.01) | 5.13 (1.04) | 5.14 (1.02) | 5.13 (1.03) |
Cholesterol Categories, n (%) | ||||||||
 < 5.2 mmol/L | 17,051 (54.7) | 14,915 (54.2) | 10,430 (55.2) | 10,394 (55.0) | 7415 (55.4) | 14,915 (54.2) | 5820 (54.8) | 5894 (55.5) |
 5.2–6.2 mmol/L | 8852 (28.4) | 7712 (28.0) | 5262 (27.9) | 5323 (28.2) | 3836 (28.7) | 7712 (28.0) | 3026 (28.5) | 2929 (27.6) |
 > = 6.2 mmol/L | 4153 (13.3) | 3747 (13.6) | 2543 (13.5) | 2580 (13.7) | 1699 (12.7) | 3747 (13.6) | 1419 (13.4) | 1404 (13.2) |
 Missing | 1138 (3.7) | 1126 (4.1) | 660 (3.5) | 598 (3.2) | 427 (3.2) | 1126 (4.1) | 358 (3.4) | 396 (3.7) |
HDL, mean (SD) | 1.44 (0.43) | 1.54 (0.46) | 1.49 (0.44) | 1.48 (0.44) | 1.48 (0.43) | 1.54 (0.46) | 1.50 (0.44) | 1.50 (0.45) |
HDL categories, n (%) | ||||||||
 < 1.55 mmol/L | 19,720 (63.2) | 14,873 (54.1) | 10,949 (58.0) | 11,464 (60. 7) | 8160 (61.0) | 14,873 (54.1) | 6214 (58.5) | 6251 (58.8) |
 > = 1.55 mmol/L | 9851 (31.6) | 11,114 (40.4) | 7007 (37.1) | 6566 (34.8) | 4621 (34.5) | 11,114 (40.4) | 3915 (36.9) | 3818 (35.9) |
 Missing | 1623 (5.20) | 1513 (5.5) | 939 (5.0) | 865 (4.6) | 596 (4.5) | 1513 (5.5) | 494 (4.7) | 554 (5.2) |
eGFR, mean (SD) | 86.1 (14.7) | 82.8 (13.8) | 83.33 (14.3) | 85.08 (14.0) | 82.9 (14.6) | 82.8 (13.8) | 82.36 (14.2) | 83.89 (14.7) |
eGFR category, n (%) | ||||||||
 > 60 (Stage 2 and above) | 29,735 (95.3) | 25,680 (93.4) | 17,806 (94.2) | 17,924 (94.9) | 12,538 (93.7) | 25,680 (93.4) | 9981 (94.0) | 9927 (93.5) |
 30–59(Stage 3) | 1127 (3.6) | 1270 (4.6) | 847 (4.5) | 792 (4.2) | 713 (5.3) | 1270 (4.6) | 530 (5.0) | 578 (5.4) |
 Missing | 332 (1.1) | 550 (2.0) | 242 (1.3) | 179 (1.0) | 126 (0.9) | 550 (2.0) | 112 (1.1) | 118 (1.1) |
Baseline conditions, n (%) | ||||||||
 Atrial fibrillation | 726 (2.3) | 743 (2.7) | 503 (2.7) | 502 (2.7) | 384 (2.9) | 743 (2.7) | 318 (3.0) | 332 (3.1) |
 Rheumatoid arthritis | 460 (1.5) | 497 (1.8) | 329 (1.7) | 297 (1.6) | 199 (1.5) | 497 (1.8) | 161 (1.5) | 166 (1. 6) |
 Cancer | 2525 (8.1) | 3320 (12.1) | 1921 (10.2) | 1711 (9.1) | 1377 (10.3) | 3320 (12.1) | 1151 (10.8) | 1139 (10.7) |
 Respiratory Disease | 1325 (4.3) | 1695 (6.2) | 1010 (5.4) | 933 (4.9) | 664 (5.0) | 1695 (6.2) | 586 (5.5) | 572 (5.4) |
 Immunosuppresseda | 571 (1.8) | 616 (2.2) | 392 (2.1) | 358 (1.9) | 239 (1.8) | 616 (2.2) | 205 (1.9) | 198 (1.9) |
 Rare metabolic disorder | 29 (0.1) | 38 (0.1) | 23 (0.1) | 18 (0.1) | 18 (0.1) | 38 (0.1) | 15 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) |
Other medications at baseline, n (%) | ||||||||
 Previous prescription of ACE-I | 31,194 (100) | 6030 (21.9) | 18,895 (100) | 4462 (23.6) | 8421 (63.0) | 6030 (21.9) | 5686 (53.5) | 5638 (53.1) |
 Previous prescription of ARB | 1036 (3.3) | 1907 (6.9) | 937 (5.0) | 762 (4.0) | 13,377 (100) | 1907 (6.9) | 10,623 (100) | 1492 (14.0) |
 Previous prescription of CCB | 8242 (26.4) | 27,500 (100) | 5554 (29.4) | 18,895 (100) | 5393 (40.3) | 27,500 (100) | 4001 (37.7) | 10,623 (100) |
 Thiazide diuretics | 5775 (18.5) | 3919 (14.3) | 5775 (18.5) | 3919 (14.3) | 3457 (25.8) | 3919 (14.3) | 2074 (19.5) | 2468 (23.2) |
 Loop diuretics | 768 (2.5) | 461 (1.7) | 768 (2.5) | 461 (1.7) | 417 (3.1) | 461 (1.7) | 331 (3.1) | 219 (2.1) |
 Potassium diuretics | 148 (0.5) | 101 (0.4) | 148 (0.5) | 101 (0.4) | 85 (0.6) | 101 (0.4) | 59 (0.6) | 69 (0.7) |
 Alpha blockers | 1017 (3.3) | 659 (2.4) | 1017 (3.3) | 659 (2.4) | 661 (4.9) | 659 (2.4) | 430 (4.1) | 481 (4.5) |
 Beta blockers | 3525 (11.3) | 3030 (11.0) | 3525 (11.3) | 3030 (11.0) | 1630 (12.2) | 3030 (11.0) | 1302 (12.3) | 1423 (13.4) |
 Other antihypertensive | 122 (0.4) | 84 (0.3) | 122 (0.4) | 84 (0.3) | 71 (0.5) | 84 (0.3) | 48 (0. 5) | 48 (0.5) |
 Anticoagulants | 884 (2.8) | 889 (3.2) | 884 (2.8) | 889 (3.2) | 446 (3.3) | 889 (3.2) | 370 (3.5) | 385 (3.6) |
 Statins | 9399 (30.1) | 9133 (33.2) | 9399 (30.1) | 9133 (33.2) | 3977 (29.7) | 9133 (33.2) | 3293 (31.0) | 3230 (30.4) |