Table 1 Characteristics of fatal measles cases and matched non-fatal measles controls — Romania, 2016–2018
Characteristic | Cases (n = 50) n (%) | Controls (n = 250) n (%) | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
Case classification (yes/no) | |||
Lab-confirmed | 46 (92%) | 185 (74%) | |
Epidemiologically linked | 4 (8%) | 65 (26%) | |
Demographic Factors | |||
Age at Rash Onsetc (yes/no) | |||
< 1 year | 33 (66.0) | 165 (66.0) | |
1 year | 10 (20.0) | 50 (20.0) | |
2 years | 4 (8.0) | 20 (8.0) | |
3 years | 2 (4.0) | 10 (4.0) | |
4 years | 1 (2.0) | 5 (2.0) | |
Sexc (yes/no) | |||
Male | 23 (46.0) | 115 (46.0) | |
Female | 27 (54.0) | 135 (54.0) | |
Region of residencec (yes/no) | |||
Center | 2 (4.0) | 10 (4.0) | |
North-East | 15 (30.0) | 75 (30.0) | |
North-West | 3 (6.0) | 15 (6.0) | |
South | 3 (6.0) | 15 (6.0) | |
South-East | 7 (14.0) | 35 (14.0) | |
South-West | 6 (12.0) | 30 (12.0) | |
West | 14 (28.0) | 70 (28.0) | |
Medical and Vaccination History | |||
Received ≥ 1 Dose of Vaccine (yes/no) | |||
MCV | 6 (12.0) | 43 (17.2) | 0.288 |
Valid MCVd | 1 (2.0) | 19 (7.6) | 0.326b |
Hib/Hexavalent | 20 (40.0) | 145 (58.0) | 0.124 |
PCV | 5 (10.0) | 35 (14.0) | 0.547 |
Influenza | 1 (2.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0.290 |
Underlying medical conditions (yes/no) | |||
Premature birth | 7 (14.0) | 19 (7.6) | 0.105 |
Malnutrition | 6 (12.0) | 10 (4.0) | 0.027 |
Neurologic illness | 3 (6.0) | 4 (1.6) | 0.084 |
Immune deficiency | 1 (2.0) | 9 (3.6) | 0.569 |
Anemia | 4 (8.0) | 19 (7.6) | 0.904 |
Diarrheal illness | 0 (0.0) | 20 (8.0) | 0.997 |
Healthcare Exposures Before Measles Rash Onset | |||
Admitted to hospital 7–21 days before rash onset (yes/no) | 18 (36.0) | 65 (26.0) | 0.134 |
Type of hospital | |||
District and Local hospitals | 3 (6.0) | 29 (11.6) | REF |
Emergency hospital | 10 (20.0) | 18 (7.2) | 0.123 |
Specialty hospital | 5 (10.0) | 11 (4.4) | 0.999 |
Diagnoses during pre-measles hospitalization (yes/no) | |||
Pneumonia | 11 (22.0) | 23 (9.2) | 0.110 |
Bronchitis | 5 (10.0) | 6 (2.4) | 0.172 |
Laryngitis | 2 (4.0) | 3 (1.2) | 0.289 |
Diarrhea | 0 (0.0) | 12 (4.8) | 0.998 |