Table 1 List of covariates included in the studies. Some articles are listed more than once

Climatic factors

Temperature

97

55.1

 Mean temperature

78

44.3

 Min temperature

21

11.9

 Max temperature

16

9.1

Rainfall

78

44.3

 Total rainfall

42

23.9

 Mean rainfall

23

13.1

 Max rainfall

6

3.4

Humidity

25

14.2

Temperature suitability

22

12.5

Bioclimatic variables

6

3.4

El Niño Southern Oscillation Index

4

2.3

Soil moisture (water stress/wetness)

4

2.3

Demographic factors

Population density

43

24.4

Age

25

14.2

Air travel

15

8.5

Human daily mobility

13

7.4

Vaccination coverage

7

4.0

Sex

7

4.0

Socio-economic factors

Gross domestic product

15

8.5

Household income

11

6.3

Education/literacy rate

6

3.4

Occupation and employment status

5

2.8

Socio-economic strata

6

3.4

Ecology

Non-human primates species

6

3.4

Location of breeding sites

4

2.3

Breteau index

3

1.7

Adult mosquito abundance

2

1.1

Environmental factors

Vegetation

27

15.3

Elevation/altitude

25

14.2

Urbanisation

22

12.5

Distance to roads, road density

14

8.0

Land use/land cover

13

7.4

Distance to water bodies/river

9

5.1

Spatiotemporal incidence

Case count across time periods and neighbouring regions

18

10.2