Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants
Characteristics | Total participants (N = 2842) | PBD group | Non-PBD group | P value | Infection | Non-infection | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 877) | (n = 1965) | (n = 247) | (n = 2595) | ||||
Age, years, mean ± SD | 58.1 ± 11.5 | 60.0 ± 10.2 | 57.2 ± 12.0 | < 0.001 | 58.6 ± 11.1 | 58.0 ± 11.6 | 0.47 |
Age, years, n (%) | |||||||
 < 65 | 1963(69.1) | 567(64.7) | 1396(71.0) | 0.001 | 168(8.6) | 1795(91.4) | 0.707 |
 ≥65 | 879(30.9) | 310(35.3) | 569(29.0) |  | 79(9) | 800(91) |  |
Gender, n (%) | |||||||
 Male | 1738(61.2) | 574(65.5) | 1164(59.2) | 0.002 | 158(9.1) | 1580(90.9) | 0.342 |
 Female | 1104(38.8) | 303(34.5) | 801(40.8) |  | 89(8.1) | 1015(91.9) |  |
BMI, Kg/m2, mean ± SD | 23.4 ± 3.3 | 23 ± 3.2 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 | 24.3 ± 3.4 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 |
BMI, Kg/m2, n (%) | |||||||
 < 18.5 | 167(5.9) | 66(7.5) | 101(5.1) | 0.001 | 7(4.2) | 160(95.8) | 0.004 |
 18.5–24 | 1513(53.2) | 495(56.4) | 1018(51.8) |  | 117(7.7) | 1396(92.3) |  |
 24–27 | 772(27.2) | 218(24.9) | 554(28.2) |  | 75(9.7) | 697(90.3) |  |
 ≥27 | 390(13.7) | 98(11.2) | 292(14.9) |  | 48(12.3) | 342(87.7) |  |
Smoking, n (%) | 843(29.7) | 268(30.6) | 575(29.3) | 0.485 | 72(8.5) | 771(91.5) | 0.854 |
Drinking, n (%) | 827(29.1) | 269(30.7) | 558(28.4) | 0.217 | 81(9.8) | 746(90.2) | 0.181 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 719(25.3) | 215(24.5) | 504(25.6) | 0.521 | 72(10) | 647(90) | 0.145 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 542(19.1) | 166(18.9) | 376(19.1) | 0.897 | 43(7.9) | 499(92.1) | 0.487 |
Coronary disease, n (%) | 244(8.6) | 71(8.1) | 173(8.8) | 0.534 | 23(9.4) | 221(90.6) | 0.67 |
Primary disease, n (%) | |||||||
 Pancreatic cancer | 831(29.2) | 253(28.8) | 578(29.4) | < 0.001 | 55(6.6) | 776(93.4) | 0.001 |
 Cholangiocarcinoma | 640(22.5) | 329(37.5) | 311(15.8) |  | 76(11.9) | 564(88.1) |  |
 Duodenal carcinoma | 438(15.4) | 112(12.8) | 326(16.6) |  | 44(10) | 394(90) |  |
 Ampullary carcinoma | 217(7.6) | 116(13.2) | 101(5.1) |  | 23(10.6) | 194(89.4) |  |
 Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) | 176(6.2) | 11(1.3) | 165(8.4) |  | 6(3.4) | 170(96.6) |  |
 Others | 540(19.0) | 56(6.4) | 484(24.6) |  | 43(8) | 497(92) |  |
Operation approach, n (%) | |||||||
 Open | 2013(70.8) | 638(72.7) | 1375(70) | 0.007 | 194(9.6) | 1819(90.4) | 0.019 |
 Robot | 619(21.8) | 161(18.4) | 458(23.3) |  | 36(5.8) | 583(94.2) |  |
 Laparoscope | 163(5.7) | 63(7.2) | 100(5.1) |  | 15(9.2) | 148(90.8) |  |
 Robot+laparoscope | 47(1.7) | 15(1.7) | 32(1.6) |  | 2(4.3) | 45(95.7) |  |