Table 1 Characteristics and multivariate analysis of PLWH who tested positive for at least one mental disorder vs. PLWH who tested negative for mental disorders
Overall (n = 578) | Mental Disorders screening negative (N = 437) | Mental Disorders screening positive (N = 141) | OR [95% CI] | p-value1 | Adjusted p-value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) | ||||||
Male | 426 (73.7) | 334 (76.3) | 92 (65.2%) | Ref. | Ref. | - |
Female | 147 (25.43) | 102 (22.8%) | 45 (31.9%) | 1.18 [0.80;1.36] | - | 0.483 |
Non-binary | 4 (0.69%) | 0 (0.93%) | 4 (2.8%) | - | - | 0.988 |
Age, median [IQR] | 49 [37;56] | 48.0 [36.0;56.0] | 52.0 [41.0;57.0] | 1.02 [0.99;1.04] | 0.141 | 0.315 |
MSM (Men who have sex with men) n (%) | 195 (33.74%) | 100 (22.9%) | 95 (67.3%) | 2.94 [1.55;4.38] | 0.001 | 0.01 |
Continent of origin, n (%) | 0.840 | |||||
Europe | 559 (96.71%) | 420 (95.8%) | 139 (98.4%) | Ref. | Ref. | - |
Africa | 12 (2.08%) | 10 (2.33%) | 2 (1.59%) | - | - | 0.287 |
America | 7 (1.21%) | 7 (1.86%) | 0 (0.00%) | - | - | 0.999 |
Tobacco smoke, n (%) | 244 (42.21%) | 166 (38.1%) | 78 (55.6%) | 2.02 [1.14;3.60] | 0.015 | 0.011 |
Years of HIV (ys of diseases), n (%) | 8 [4;20] | 7.00 [3.00;15.5] | 11.0 [5.00;23.0] | 1.03 [1.00;1.06] | 0.024 | 0.015 |
Substance use, n (%) | 65 (11.25%) | 47 (10.7%) | 18 (12.7%) | 1.23 [0.49;2.81] | 0.648 | 0.189 |
HBV co-infection, n (%) | 25 (4.33%) | 18 (4.19%) | 7 (4.76%) | 1.18 [0.24;4.19] | 0.814 | 0.129 |
HCV co-infection, n (%) | 81 (14.01%) | 57 (13.0%) | 24 (17.5%) | 1.42 [0.64;2.99] | 0.379 | 0.652 |
COVID vaccination (number of doses), n (%) | ||||||
0–1 | 13 (2.25%) | 9 (2.33%) | 4 (3.17%) | Ref. | Ref. | - |
2 | 49 (8.48%) | 33 (7.44%) | 16 (11.1%) | 1.06 [0.17;9.81] | 0.954 | 0.458 |
3 | 516 (89.27%) | 395 (90.2%) | 121 (85.7%) | 0.67 [0.13;5.31] | 0.659 | 0.652 |
On ART, n (%) | 576 (99.65%) | 437 (100%) | 139 (98.4%) | - | 0.227 | 0.999 |
ART regimen, n (%) | ||||||
2 NRTI + INSTI | 248 (42.91%) | 170 (39.0%) | 78 (55.6%) | Ref. | Ref. | - |
NRTI + PI | 96 (16.61%) | 76 (17.4%) | 20 (14.3%) | 0.58 [0.24;1.30] | 0.195 | 0.324 |
NRTI + INSTI | 78 (13.49%) | 65 (15.0%) | 13 (9.52%) | 0.45 [0.16;1.33] | 0.091 | < 0.001 |
NRTI + NNRTI | 92 (15.92%) | 76 (17.4%) | 16 (11.1%) | 0.46 [0.17;1.08] | 0.075 | 0.809 |
NNRTI + INSTI | 53 (9.17%) | 42 (9.86%) | 11 (7.94%) | 0.58 [0.18;1.57] | 0.295 | 0.138 |
Others | 11 (1.9%) | 8 (1.41%) | 3 (1.59%) | 0.86 [0.03;7.69] | 0.903 | 0.918 |
Dolutegravir-containing regimen, n (%) | 144 (24.91%) | 79 (18.1%) | 65 (46.0%) | 3.82 [2.08;7.05] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Previous SARS CoV-2 infection, n (%) | 31 (5.36%) | 29 (6.51%) | 2 (1.59%) | 0.26 [0.01;1.35] | 0.126 | 0.052 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | 294 (50.87%) | 213 (48.8%) | 81 (57.1%) | 1.39 [0.79;2.48] | 0.251 | 0.589 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 29 (5.02%) | 15 (3.26%) | 14 (9.52%) | 3.12 [1.35;9.97] | 0.002 | 0.01 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 64 (11.07%) | 39 (8.84%) | 25 (17.5%) | 2.19 [0.94;4.85] | 0.067 | 0.171 |
CKD, n (%) | 19 (3.29%) | 14 (3.26%) | 5 (3.17%) | 1.02 [0.14;4.51] | 0.977 | 0.148 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 50 (8.65%) | 32 (7.44%) | 18 (12.7%) | 1.82 [0.70;4.41] | 0.211 | 0.305 |
Substance use, n (%) | 61 (10.55%) | 43 (9.77%) | 18 (15.9%) | 1.75 [0.74;3.89] | 0.192 | 0.079 |
AIDS events, n (%) | 225 (38.93%) | 156 (35.8%) | 69 (48.9%) | 1.44 [1.15;2.38] | 0.002 | 0.01 |
HIV-related hospitalization, n (%) | 161 (27.85%) | 132 (30.2%) | 29 (20.6%) | 0.61 [0.30;1.17] | 0.136 | 0.008 |
Nadir CD4 count, cell/mm3 (median, Q1, Q3) | 650 [230; 800] | 677 [289;800] | 560 [190;695] | 1.00 [1.00;1.00] | 0.012 | 0.011 |
Total Pill Burden (median, Q1, Q3) | 1.00 [1.00;3.00] | 1.00 [1.00;3.00] | 2.00 [1.00;3.00] | 1.04 [0.90;1.22] | 0.574 | 0.960 |
Negative to HIV-RNA at screening | 559 (96.71%) | 425 (97.2%) | 134 (95.2%) | 0.56 [0.14;2.89] | 0.454 | 0.993 |
Self-reported stigma | ||||||
None (0–3) | 240 (41.52%) | 205 (47.0%) | 35 (24.4%) | Ref. | Ref. | - |
Moderate (4–7) | 130 (22.49%) | 82 (18.6%) | 48 (34.0%) | 1.98 [1.51;2.61] | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Severe (8–10) | 205 (35.47%) | 147 (33.5%) | 58 (41.6%) | 1.48 [0.88;2.12] | 0.136 | 0.004 |
Family stigma | 246 (42.56%) | 152 (34.9%) | 94 (66.7%) | 2.75 [1.64;3.81] | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
Social isolation: | 269 (46.54%) | 173 (39.5%) | 96 (68.3%) | 1.68 [1.31;2.94] | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Self-perceived Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on overall mental health | ||||||
None | 197 (34.08%) | 169 (38.6%) | 28 (20.0%) | Ref. | Ref. | - |
Moderate | 150 (25.95%) | 116(26.5%) | 34 (24.1%) | 1.12 [0.49;2.48] | 0.791 | 0.078 |
Severe | 231 (39.97%) | 152 (34.9%) | 79 (55.9%) | 2.43 [1.21;4.23] | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |