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  1. HIV disproportionately affects African-Caribbean women in Canada but the frequency and distribution of sexually transmitted infections in this community have not been previously studied.

    Authors: Robert S Remis, Juan Liu, Mona Loutfy, Wangari Tharao, Anuradha Rebbapragada, Stephen J Perusini, Lisungu Chieza, Megan Saunders, LoriAnn Green-Walker and Rupert Kaul
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:550
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a hidden but emerging population susceptible to HIV infection against a background of rapidly increasing HIV prevalence in China. Low HIV testing levels and multiple partner...

    Authors: Eric P F Chow, Jun Jing, Yuji Feng, Dai Min, Jun Zhang, David P Wilson, Xiaohu Zhang and Lei Zhang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:549
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. The clonal spread of Acinetobacter baumannii is a global problem, and carbapenems, such as imipenem, remain the first-choice agent against A. baumannii. Using synergy to enhance the antibiotic activity of carbape...

    Authors: Yu jun Li, Chu zhi Pan, Zi wen Zhao, Zhu xiang Zhao, Hui ling Chen and Wei bo Lu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:548
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Human brucellosis incidence in China has been increasing dramatically since 1999. However, epidemiological features and potential factors underlying the re-emergence of the disease remain less understood.

    Authors: Yin-Jun Li, Xin-Lou Li, Song Liang, Li-Qun Fang and Wu-Chun Cao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:547
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is useful in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). This study aims to determine the factors affecting pleural fluid ADA levels and to establish the optimal ADA levels f...

    Authors: Tunn Ren Tay and Augustine Tee
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:546
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. This study aimed to provide a contemporary picture of the epidemiologic, clinical, microbiologic characteristics and in-hospital outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) observed in a single center in Italy.

    Authors: Laurenzia Ferraris, Laura Milazzo, Davide Ricaboni, Cristina Mazzali, Giovanna Orlando, Giuliano Rizzardini, Marco Cicardi, Ferdinando Raimondi, Loredana Tocalli, Alessandro Cialfi, Paolo Vanelli, Massimo Galli, Carlo Antona and Spinello Antinori
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:545
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The efficacy of the H1N1 influenza vaccine relies on the induction of both humoral and cellular responses. This study evaluated the humoral and cellular responses to a monovalent non-adjuvanted pandemic influe...

    Authors: Ma Teresa Herrera, Yolanda Gonzalez, Esmeralda Juárez, Fernando Hernández-Sánchez, Claudia Carranza, Carmen Sarabia, Silvia Guzman-Beltran, Ma Eugenia Manjarrez, Marcela Muñoz-Torrico, Lourdes Garcia-Garcia, Eduardo Sada and Martha Torres
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:544
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Surveillance programs and research for acute respiratory infections in remote Australian communities are complicated by difficulties in the storage and transport of frozen samples to urban laboratories for tes...

    Authors: Kerry-Ann F O’Grady, David M Whiley, Paul J Torzillo, Theo P Sloots and Stephen B Lambert
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:543
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. The introduction of universal pertussis immunization and the high coverage achieved in most developed countries have largely changed the epidemiology of the disease. Although vaccination rates are high in the ...

    Authors: Silvio Tafuri, Maria Serena Gallone, Domenico Martinelli, Rosa Prato, Maria Chironna and Cinzia Germinario
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:541
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is divided into 8 definite (A-H) and 2 putative (I, J) genotypes that show a geographical distribution. HBV genotype G, however, is an aberrant genotype of unknown origin that demonstra...

    Authors: Antoinette C van der Kuyl, Fokla Zorgdrager, Boris Hogema, Margreet Bakker, Suzanne Jurriaans, Nicole KT Back, Ben Berkhout, Hans L Zaaijer and Marion Cornelissen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:540
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. We investigated the epidemiological and clinical data of all hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases in a sentinel hospital of Shenzhen, China from 2009 to 2011.

    Authors: Yan-rong Wang, Lu-lu Sun, Wan-ling Xiao, Li-yun Chen, Xian-feng Wang and Dong-ming Pan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:539
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Control of tuberculosis (TB) depends on early diagnosis and treatment at the primary health care level. However, many patients are still diagnosed late with TB at hospitals. The present study aimed to investig...

    Authors: Gracieli Nadalon Deponti, Denise Rossato Silva, Ana Cláudia Coelho, Alice Mânica Muller and Paulo de Tarso Roth Dalcin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:538
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Superinfection with drug resistant HIV strains could potentially contribute to compromised therapy in patients initially infected with drug-sensitive virus and receiving antiretroviral therapy. To investigate ...

    Authors: István Bartha, Matthias Assel, Peter MA Sloot, Maurizio Zazzi, Carlo Torti, Eugen Schülter, Andrea De Luca, Anders Sönnerborg, Ana B Abecasis, Kristel Van Laethem, Andrea Rosi, Jenny Svärd, Roger Paredes, David AMC van de Vijver, Anne-Mieke Vandamme and Viktor Müller
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:537
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. The role of copy number variation of the CCL3L1 gene, encoding MIP1α, in contributing to the host variation in susceptibility and response to HIV infection is controversial. Here we analyse a sub-Saharan African ...

    Authors: Eleni Aklillu, Linda Odenthal-Hesse, Jennifer Bowdrey, Abiy Habtewold, Eliford Ngaimisi, Getnet Yimer, Wondwossen Amogne, Sabina Mugusi, Omary Minzi, Eyasu Makonnen, Mohammed Janabi, Ferdinand Mugusi, Getachew Aderaye, Robert Hardwick, Beiyuan Fu, Maria Viskaduraki…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:536
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. In malaria-endemic countries, large proportions of individuals infected with Plasmodium falciparum are asymptomatic and constitute a reservoir of parasites for infection of newly hatched mosquitoes.

    Authors: Alfred B Tiono, Moussa W Guelbeogo, N Falé Sagnon, Issa Nébié, Sodiomon B Sirima, Amitava Mukhopadhyay and Kamal Hamed
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:535
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The focus of Chlamydia trachomatis screening and testing lies more on women than on men. The study aim was to establish by systematic review the prevalence of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and...

    Authors: Patrick W Dielissen, Doreth AM Teunissen and Antoine LM Lagro-Janssen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:534
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF) drugs are very effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but may increase the risk of serious bacterial infections. We assessed the association between the...

    Authors: Ngoc J Wasson, Cara D Varley, Pascal Schwab, Rongwei Fu and Kevin L Winthrop
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:533
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is a serious problem worldwide and the case fatality rate remains high. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumoc...

    Authors: Viktor Molander, Camilla Elisson, Veeraraghavan Balaji, Erik Backhaus, James John, Rosemol Vargheese, Ranjith Jayaraman and Rune Andersson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:532
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. The incidence of cervical cancer in Paraguay is among the highest in the world, with the human papillomavirus (HPV) being a necessary factor for cervical cancer. Knowledge about HPV infection among indigenous ...

    Authors: Laura Mendoza, Pamela Mongelos, Malvina Paez, Amalia Castro, Isabel Rodriguez-Riveros, Graciela Gimenez, Patricia Araujo, Gloria Echagüe, Valentina Diaz, Florentina Laspina, Wilberto Castro, Rosa Jimenez, Ramón Marecos, Santiago Ever, Gerardo Deluca and María Alejandra Picconi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:531
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. External quality assurance (EQA) programmes, which are routinely used in laboratories, have not been widely implemented for point-of- care tests (POCTs). A study was performed in ten health centres in Tanzania...

    Authors: Pieter W Smit, David Mabey, Thomas van der Vlis, Hans Korporaal, Julius Mngara, John Changalucha, Jim Todd and Rosanna W Peeling
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:530
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The main clinical forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis are cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). L.braziliensis infection is characterized by an exaggerated production of IFN-gamma and TNF-al...

    Authors: Augusto M Carvalho, Andréa Magalhães, Lucas P Carvalho, Olívia Bacellar, Phillip Scott and Edgar M Carvalho
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:529
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of congenital infections. The maternal immune status plays a major role in the likelihood of congenital infection. The aim of this study is to shed light o...

    Authors: Tahani Neirukh, Ayda Qaisi, Niveen Saleh, Areej Abu Rmaileh, Eman Abu Zahriyeh, Lina Qurei, Firas Dajani, Taghreed Nusseibeh, Hatem Khamash, Sabri Baraghithi and Maysa Azzeh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:528
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Infections due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei and non-typhoidal Salmonella cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. These intracellular pathogens share some common...

    Authors: Helmi Sulaiman, Sasheela Ponnampalavanar, Kein Seong Mun and Claire M Italiano
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:527
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  25. Preliminary results suggest that pertussis infection might be considered in infants during a seasonal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) outbreak.

    Authors: Ambra Nicolai, Raffaella Nenna, Paola Stefanelli, Anna Carannante, Concetta Schiavariello, Alessandra Pierangeli, Carolina Scagnolari, Corrado Moretti, Paola Papoff, Enea Bonci, Marianna Ferrara, Stefano Papasso and Fabio Midulla
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:526
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Pneumococcal vertebral osteomyelitis (PVO) is a rare disease whose clinical characteristics have not been clarified. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of patients with PVO.

    Authors: Hiromichi Suzuki, Daisuke Shichi, Yasuharu Tokuda, Hiroichi Ishikawa, Tetsuhiro Maeno and Hidenori Nakamura
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:525
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Neither HBV DNA nor HBsAg positivity at birth is an accurate marker for HBV infection of infants. No data is available for continuous changes of HBV markers in newborns to HBsAg(+) mothers. This prospective, m...

    Authors: Tianyan Chen, Jing Wang, Yuling Feng, Zhi Yan, Tieying Zhang, Minghui Liu, Yun Bai, Hongxia Song, Hongli Liu, Yuan Yang, Jinfeng Liu, Yingli He, Yunru Chen, Shulin Zhang, Guihua Zhuang, Xiaofeng Liang…
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:524
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Ertapenem (preferred choice for ESBL-producing organisms) use exhibited an increasing trend from 2006 to 2008. As extensive use of ertapenem might induce the mutation of resistant bacteria strains to ertapenem...

    Authors: Cheryl Li-Ling Lim, Winnie Lee, Amanda Ling-Chiu Lee, Lisa Ting-Ting Liew, Szu Chin Nah, Choon Nam Wan, Maciej Piotr Chlebicki and Andrea Lay-Hoon Kwa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:523
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Although substantiated by little evidence, concerns about zidovudine-related anaemia in pregnancy have influenced antiretroviral (ARV) regimen choice for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1, espec...

    Authors: Benn KD Sartorius, Matthew F Chersich, Mary Mwaura, Nicolas Meda, Marleen Temmerman, Marie Louise Newell, Timothy MM Farley and Stanley Luchters
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:522
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. In developed countries, the incidence of cervical cancer has remained stable in HIV+ women but the prevalence and multiplicity of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infection, a necessary cause of cervical cancer, appears ...

    Authors: Sally N Akarolo-Anthony, Maryam Al-Mujtaba, Ayotunde O Famooto, Eileen O Dareng, Olayinka B Olaniyan, Richard Offiong, Cosette M Wheeler and Clement A Adebamowo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:521
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at an increased risk of exposure to and transmission of infectious diseases. Vaccination lowers morbidity and mortality of HCWs and their patients. To assess vaccination coverage ...

    Authors: Rok Civljak, Neven Papic, Valerija Stamenic, Smilja Kalenic, Ilija Kuzman and Josip Car
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:520
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Estimation of pre-immunisation prevalence of HPV and distribution of HPV types is fundamental to understanding the subsequent impact of HPV vaccination. We describe the type specific prevalence of HPV in femal...

    Authors: Kimberley Kavanagh, Katy Sinka, Kate Cuschieri, John Love, Alison Potts, Kevin GJ Pollock, Heather Cubie, Martin Donaghy and Chris Robertson
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:519
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Cholera poses a substantial health burden to developing countries such as Bangladesh. In this study, the objective is to estimate the economic burden of cholera treatments incurred by households. The study was...

    Authors: Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Ziaul Islam, Iqbal Ansary Khan, Amit Saha, Fahima Chowdhury, Ashraful Islam Khan, Firdausi Qadri and Jahangir AM Khan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:518
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased dramatically in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, 560,000 people had access to ART by the end of 2011. This scaling up of ART has raised challenges to the Kenya...

    Authors: Michael Kiptoo, James Brooks, Raphael W Lihana, Paul Sandstrom, Zipporah Ng’ang’a, Joyceline Kinyua, Nancy Lagat, Fredrick Okoth and Elijah M Songok
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:517
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Most illnesses caused by pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus (A/H1N1) infection are acute and self-limiting among children. However, in some children, disease progression is rapid and may require hospitali...

    Authors: Takanori Funaki, Kensuke Shoji, Nobuyuki Yotani, Tomohiro Katsuta, Osamu Miyazaki, Shunsuke Nosaka, Hidekazu Masaki and Akihiko Saitoh
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:516
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Blood stream infections (BSI) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa lead to poor clinical outcomes. The worldwide emergence and spread of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing, often multidrug-resistant organisms may further...

    Authors: Matthias Willmann, Ines Kuebart, Matthias Marschal, Klaus Schröppel, Wichard Vogel, Ingo Flesch, Uwe Markert, Ingo B Autenrieth, Florian Hölzl and Silke Peter
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:515
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Human brucellosis incidence in China was divided into 3 stages, high incidence (1950-1960s), decline (1970-1980s) and re-emergence (1990-2000s). Human brucellosis has been reported in all the 32 provinces, of ...

    Authors: Yanfen Chen, Yuehua Ke, Yufei Wang, Xitong Yuan, Xiaoyan Zhou, Hai Jiang, Zhoujia Wang, Qing Zhen, Yaqin Yu, Liuyu Huang, Buyun Cui and Zeliang Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:514
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Improved tests to diagnose latent TB infection (LTBI) are needed. We sought to evaluate the performance of two commercially available interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) compared to the tuberculin skin tes...

    Authors: Nikoloz Chkhartishvili, Russell R Kempker, Natia Dvali, Lela Abashidze, Lali Sharavdze, Pati Gabunia, Henry M Blumberg, Carlos del Rio and Tengiz Tsertsvadze
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:513
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Toxoplasma gondii can infect almost all warm-blood animals including human beings. The plant-like calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) harbored by T. gondii are involved in gliding motility, cell invasion, ...

    Authors: Nian-Zhang Zhang, Si-Yang Huang, Dong-Hui Zhou, Jia Chen, Ying Xu, Wei-Peng Tian, Jing Lu and Xing-Quan Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:512
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Association studies have been employed to investigate the relationships between host single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB). However, such candidate genetic m...

    Authors: Yu Yang, Xiangwei Li, Wei Cui, Ling Guan, Fei Shen, Jinsheng Xu, Feng Zhou, Mufei Li, Cong Gao, Qi Jin, Jianmin Liu and Lei Gao
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:511
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. The introduction of alcohol-based hand rub dispensers has had a positive influence on compliance of healthcare workers with the recommended guidelines for hand hygiene. However, establishing the best location ...

    Authors: Matthijs C Boog, Vicki Erasmus, Jitske M de Graaf, Elise (A) HE van Beeck, Marijke Melles and Ed F van Beeck
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:510
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. HIV transmitted drug resistance (TDR) surveillance is usually conducted by sampling from a large population. However, overall TDR prevalence results may be inaccurate for many individual clinical setting. We a...

    Authors: James I Brooks, Harrison Niznick, Marianna Ofner, Harriet Merks and Jonathan B Angel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:509
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Maraviroc is an HIV-1 coreceptor antagonist that has shown good efficacy and tolerability in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients harboring CCR5-tropic virus. The use of Maraviroc in treatment si...

    Authors: Genny Meini, Angelo Materazzi, Francesco Saladini, Andrea Rosi, Ilaria Vicenti, Michele Mancini, Antonella Pirazzoli, Cinzia Caudai and Maurizio Zazzi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:508
    Content type: Technical advance Published on:

  44. Smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (SN-PTB), which is common in HIV-infected patients, is difficult to diagnose using smear microscopy alone. In 2007, the WHO developed an algorithm to improve the diagnosis...

    Authors: Simon Walusimbi, Freddie Bwanga, Ayesha De Costa, Melles Haile, Moses Joloba and Sven Hoffner
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:507
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Noninvasive and convenient biomarkers for early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) remain an urgent need. The aim of this study was to discover and identify potential biomarkers specific for TB.

    Authors: Jiyan Liu, Tingting Jiang, Liliang Wei, Xiuyun Yang, Chong Wang, Xing Zhang, Dandan Xu, Zhongliang Chen, Fuquan Yang and Ji-Cheng Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:506
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a serious challenge for antimicrobial therapy of nosocomial infections, as it possesses several mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. In Central Greece, a sudden in...

    Authors: Apostolos Liakopoulos, Angeliki Mavroidi, Efstathios A Katsifas, Alexandros Theodosiou, Amalia D Karagouni, Vivi Miriagou and Efthymia Petinaki
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:505
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) bloodstream infection (BSI) is generally associated with the delayed administration of adequate antibiotics. The identification of risk factors and outcomes of VRE BSI is n...

    Authors: Sung-Yeon Cho, Dong-Gun Lee, Su-Mi Choi, Jae-Cheol Kwon, Si-Hyun Kim, Jae-Ki Choi, Sun Hee Park, Yeon-Joon Park, Jung-Hyun Choi and Jin-Hong Yoo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:504
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. The World Health Organization reported in 2007 that inclusion of PCV7 in national immunization programs should be seen as a priority, also encouraging countries to conduct appropriate surveillances for monitor...

    Authors: Juan Picazo, Joaquin Dueñas, Antonio Ramirez, Andres-Ricardo Perez, Emma Padilla, Susana Herrero, Carmen Gallegos, Esther Culebras, Cesar Balseiro and Cristina Mendez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:503
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Hantavirus infections cause potentially life-threatening disease in humans world-wide. Infections with American hantaviruses may lead to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome characterised by severe cardiopulmonary di...

    Authors: Johan Rasmuson, Per Lindqvist, Karen Sörensen, Magnus Hedström, Anders Blomberg and Clas Ahlm
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:501
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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