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  1. Previous studies showed that C. trachomatis strains found in MSM are different from those in heterosexuals. This study investigates whether the differences in strain distribution between MSM and heterosexuals are...

    Authors: Bart Versteeg, Martijn S van Rooijen, Maarten F Schim van der Loeff, Henry JC de Vries and Sylvia M Bruisten
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:464
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that one of the largest problems threatening healthcare includes antibiotic resistance. Tetracycline, an effective antibiotic that has been in use ...

    Authors: Matthew D Huff, David Weisman, John Adams, Song Li, Jessica Green, Leslie L Malone and Scott Clemmons
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:460
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Sequence type 72 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) SCCmec type IV (ST72-MRSA-IV) is the most common community-acquired MRSA clone in Korea. Resistance to daptomycin or vancomycin among community-...

    Authors: Ayaka Tsukimori, Itaru Nakamura, Sakiko Okamura, Akihiro Sato, Shinji Fukushima, Yasutaka Mizuno, Tetsuo Yamaguchi and Tetsuya Matsumoto
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:459
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  4. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are both transmitted by the faecal-oral route, and represent common causes of acute hepatitis in developing countries. The endemicity of HAV infection has sh...

    Authors: Claudia Lamarca Vitral, Mônica da Silva-Nunes, Marcelo Alves Pinto, Jaqueline Mendes de Oliveira, Ana Maria Coimbra Gaspar, Rebeca Cristina Costa Pereira and Marcelo Urbano Ferreira
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:458
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Despite hepatitis B vaccination at birth and at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to be endemic in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR). We carried out a cross-sectio...

    Authors: Antony P Black, Phonethipsavanh Nouanthong, Naphavan Nanthavong, Chanthasone Souvannaso, Keooudomphone Vilivong, Prapan Jutavijittum, Bounthome Samountry, Nina Lütteke, Judith M Hübschen, Sylvie Goossens, Fabrice Quet, Yves Buisson and Claude P Muller
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:457
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its transmission dynamics and population structure have become important determinants of targeted tuberculosis control programs. Here we describe recent chang...

    Authors: Ulziijargal Gurjav, Peter Jelfs, Nadine McCallum, Ben J Marais and Vitali Sintchenko
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:455
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major concern worldwide. It has been recently feared that the bla TEM-1 gene is, via bla TEM-135, evolving into an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)...

    Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad, Daniel Golparian, Jo-Anne R Dillon, Ã…sa Johansson, Makoto Ohnishi, Sunil Sethi, Shao-chun Chen, Shu-ichi Nakayama, Martin Sundqvist, Manju Bala and Magnus Unemo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:454
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. High HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) is mainly found in infected individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However one third of asymptomatic carriers may have high PVL.

    Authors: Raimundo Coutinho Jr, Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi, Ana Beatriz Korngold, Viviana Nilla Olavarria, Bernardo Galvão-Castro and Rita Elizabeth Mascarenhas
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:453
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Bacterial peritonitis is serious disease and remains a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Many studies have highlighted the potential usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT) for identification of bacterial periton...

    Authors: Shi-kun Yang, Li Xiao, Hao Zhang, Xiao-xuan Xu, Pan-ai Song, Fu-you Liu and Lin Sun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:452
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. We aimed to evaluate urinary MCP-1 and oxidative stress through urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) in leprosy and correlate them with traditional, but less sensitive markers of renal disease.

    Authors: Gdayllon Cavalcante Meneses, Alexandre Braga Libório, Elizabeth Francesco de Daher, Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Jr, Marcus Felipe Bezerra da Costa, Maria Araci Andrade Pontes and Alice Maria Costa Martins
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:451
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. In vitro studies show that Leishmania infection decreases the adhesion of inflammatory phagocytes to connective tissue by a mechanism dependent on the modulation of integrin function. However, we know little abo...

    Authors: Micely DR Hermida, Priscila G Doria, Angela MP Taguchi, José O Mengel and Washington LC dos-Santos
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:450
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Cholera continues to be a devastating disease in many developing countries where inadequate safe water supply and poor sanitation facilitate spread. From July 2009 until late 2011 Papua New Guinea experienced ...

    Authors: Paul F Horwood, Stephan Karl, Ivo Mueller, Marinjho H Jonduo, Boris I Pavlin, Rosheila Dagina, Berry Ropa, Sibauk Bieb, Alexander Rosewell, Masahiro Umezaki, Peter M Siba and Andrew R Greenhill
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:449
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance (AFP) is an essential strategy of the WHO’s Polio Eradication Initiative. This is the first study conducted to estimate the incidence, etiology, distribution, and surveilla...

    Authors: Jagar A Jasem, Kawa Marof, Adnan Nawar, Yosra Khalaf, Faisal Al-Hamdani, Sagvan Ali, Andre C Kalil and KM Monirul Islam
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:448
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. The World Health Organization estimates that the global number of dengue infections range between 80–100 million per year, with some studies estimating approximately three times higher numbers. Furthermore, th...

    Authors: Stephan Karl, Nilimesh Halder, Joel K Kelso, Scott A Ritchie and George J Milne
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:447
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. The federal state of Hesse, Germany, introduced a laboratory-based reporting scheme for carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs).

    Authors: Niels Kleinkauf, Angelika Hausemann, Volkhard AJ Kempf, René Gottschalk and Ursel Heudorf
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:446
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. The choice of antimicrobials for initial treatment of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is crucial for a favorable outcome. There is no consensus about the best therapy; few prospective controlled s...

    Authors: Pasqual Barretti, João Vitor Pereira Doles, Douglas Gonçalves Pinotti and Regina El Dib
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:445
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Colorectal surgery is associated with postoperative infectious complications in up to 40% of cases, but the diagnosis of these complications is frequently misleading, delaying its resolution. Several biomarker...

    Authors: Joana Silvestre, Jorge Rebanda, Carlos Lourenço and Pedro Póvoa
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:444
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Although methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) native bone and joint infection (BJI) constitutes the more frequent clinical entity of BJI, prognostic studies mostly focused on methicillin-resistant...

    Authors: Florent Valour, Anissa Bouaziz, Judith Karsenty, Florence Ader, Sébastien Lustig, Frédéric Laurent, Christian Chidiac and Tristan Ferry
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:443
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. An algorithm instituted following Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) introduction in South Africa advocates for treating all Xpert rifampicin resistant patients as MDR-TB cases while awaiting confirmation by phenotypic or ...

    Authors: Nomonde R Dlamini-Mvelase, Lise Werner, Rogerio Phili, Lindiwe P Cele and Koleka P Mlisana
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:442
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Malaria burden is high in Nigeria, yet information on the major mosquito vectors is lacking especially in the Sudan savannah region of the country. In order to facilitate the design of future insecticide-based...

    Authors: Sulaiman S Ibrahim, Yayo A Manu, Zainab Tukur, Helen Irving and Charles S Wondji
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:441
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. The durability of off-treatment virologic responses has not been fully elucidated in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who have previously achieved complete virologic suppression with nucleos(t)ide analog (NA...

    Authors: Hyung Rae Sohn, Bo Young Min, Joon Chang Song, Mun Hyuk Seong, Sang Soo Lee, Eun Sun Jang, Cheol Min Shin, Young Soo Park, Jin-Hyeok Hwang, Sook-Hyang Jeong, Nayoung Kim, Dong Ho Lee and Jin-Wook Kim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:439
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between KIR genes and the immunopathogenesis of leprosy.

    Authors: Luciana Ribeiro Jarduli, Hugo Vicentin Alves, Fabiana Covolo de Souza-Santana, Elaine Valim Camarinha Marcos, Ana Carla Pereira, Ida Maria Foschiani Dias-Baptista, Vinícius Medeiros Fava, Marcelo Távora Mira, Milton Ozório Moraes, Marcos da Cunha Lopes Virmond and Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:438
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Over the last decade, increases in the number of outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) have shifted the disease into the public health spotlight in China. Children under the age of five years are pa...

    Authors: Xiaoli Wang, Xiaona Wu, Lei Jia, Xitai Li, Jie Li, Shuang Li, Haikun Qian and Quanyi Wang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:437
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. The study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of Typhoidal Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi) (TS) wit...

    Authors: Sumon Kumar Das, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Mokibul Hassan Afrad, Mohammad Abdul Malek, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Farzana Ferdous, Fahmida Dil Farzana, Jui Das, KM Shahunja, Farzana Afroze, Mohammed Abdus Salam, Tahmeed Ahmed, Abu Syed Golam Faruque, Peter John Baker and Abdullah Al Mamun
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:435
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Airborne transmission of respiratory infectious disease in indoor environment (e.g. airplane cabin, conference room, hospital, isolated room and inpatient ward) may cause outbreaks of infectious diseases, whic...

    Authors: Zhuyang Han, Gin Nam Sze To, Sau Chung Fu, Christopher Yu-Hang Chao, Wenguo Weng and Quanyi Huang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:434
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The Hungarian national guidelines for the treatment of gonorrhoea were published in 2002 but are now widely considered to be outdated. Improved knowledge is needed with respect to the epidemiology and antimicr...

    Authors: Alexandra Brunner, Eva Nemes-Nikodem, Noemi Mihalik, Marta Marschalko, Sarolta Karpati and Eszter Ostorhazi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:433
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The Republic of Cyprus is recognized as a low level HIV epidemic country with strong evidence of an increase in the transmission through the male to male sexual contact. Little is known about the factors that ...

    Authors: Magdalini Pylli, Nicos Middleton, Andreas Charalambous and Vasilios Raftopoulos
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:432
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Almost all diarrhea deaths in young children occur in developing countries. Immunization against rotavirus, the leading cause of childhood severe dehydrating acute diarrhea may reduce the burden of severe diar...

    Authors: Christabel C Enweronu-Laryea, Isaac Boamah, Eric Sifah, Stanley K Diamenu and George Armah
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:431
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Research on the sexual networks of transwomen is central to explaining higher HIV risk for this population. This study examined HIV risk behaviors and sexual mixing patterns of transwomen by demographic and HI...

    Authors: Erin C Wilson, Glen-Milo Santos and H Fisher Raymond
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:430
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Vaccines are the most effective agents to control infections. However, recombinant vaccines often do not elicit strong immune responses. Protein antigens combined with proper adjuvants have been widely used to...

    Authors: Xiaojing Sun, Mei Mei, Xu Zhang, Fusong Han, Boyin Jia, Xiaoyan Wei, Zhiguang Chang, Huijun Lu, Jigang Yin, Qijun Chen and Ning Jiang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:429
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Streptococcus agalactiae or group B Streptococcus (GBS) has been recognized as a lethal pathogen in neonates worldwide. S. agalactiae infections also severely affect pregnant women and immunosuppressed adults wi...

    Authors: Maria del Pilar Crespo-Ortiz, Claudia Rocio Castañeda-Ramirez, Monica Recalde-Bolaños and Juan Diego Vélez-Londoño
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:428
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Both high and low pathogenic subtype A avian influenza remain ongoing threats to the commercial poultry industry globally. The emergence of a novel low pathogenic H7N9 lineage in China presents itself as a new...

    Authors: Amy Pinsent, Isobel M Blake, Michael T White and Steven Riley
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:427
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. While the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) is high among children in the Western Cape of South Africa, the psychosocial implications of treatment for children with MDR-TB remain poorly...

    Authors: Caroline Franck, James A Seddon, Anneke C Hesseling, H Simon Schaaf, Donald Skinner and Lucy Reynolds
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:426
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. The effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccines may be reduced in older versus younger adults because of age-related immunosenescence. The use of an adjuvant in such a vaccine is one strategy that may combat...

    Authors: Robert B Couch, José M Bayas, Covadonga Caso, Innocent Nnadi Mbawuike, Concepción Núñez López, Carine Claeys, Mohamed El Idrissi, Caroline Hervé, Béatrice Laupèze, Lidia Oostvogels and Philippe Moris
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:425
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. Human bocavirus is a newly discovered parvovirus. Multiple studies have confirmed the presence of human bocavirus1 (HBoV1) in respiratory tract samples of children. The viral load, presentation of single detec...

    Authors: Lili Zhou, Shouyan Zheng, Qiuyan Xiao, Luo Ren, Xiaohong Xie, Jian Luo, Lijia Wang, Ailong Huang, Wei Liu and Enmei Liu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:424
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. In West and Central Africa Buruli ulcer (BU) and HIV co-infection is increasingly recognised and management of these two diseases combined is an emerging challenge for which there is little published informati...

    Authors: Franck Wanda, Patrick Nkemenang, Genevieve Ehounou, Marie Tchaton, Eric Comte, Laurence Toutous Trellu, Isabelle Masouyé, Vanessa Christinet and Daniel P O’Brien
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:423
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  39. Visceral Leishmaniasis is endemic to Brazil, where it is caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi). Following parasite inoculation, individuals may experience asymptomatic infection, raising the pos...

    Authors: Kiyoshi F Fukutani, Virgínia Figueiredo, Fabiana S Celes, Juqueline R Cristal, Aldina Barral, Manoel Barral-Netto and Camila I de Oliveira
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:422
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Cholera has been endemic in Douala since 1971. Most outbreaks start from Bepanda, an overcrowded neighbourhood with poor hygiene and sanitary conditions. We investigated water sources in Bepanda as reservoirs of

    Authors: Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla Akoachere and Christelle Kwedjeu Pulcherie Mbuntcha
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:421
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Abdominal infections are frequent causes of sepsis and septic shock in the intensive care unit (ICU) and are associated with adverse outcomes. We analyzed the characteristics, treatments and outcome of ICU pat...

    Authors: Jan De Waele, Jeffrey Lipman, Yasser Sakr, John C Marshall, Philippe Vanhems, Casiano Barrera Groba, Marc Leone and Jean-Louis Vincent
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:420
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Over the past 20 years, Hepatitis A notifications in Italy have been in decline. Since the beginning of 2013 however, Italy has been experiencing a foodborne hepatitis A outbreak caused by genotype IA, involvi...

    Authors: Giuseppina La Rosa, Simonetta Della Libera, Marcello Iaconelli, Anna Rita Ciccaglione, Roberto Bruni, Stefania Taffon, Michele Equestre, Valeria Alfonsi, Caterina Rizzo, Maria Elena Tosti, Maria Chironna, Luisa Romanò, Alessandro Remo Zanetti and Michele Muscillo
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:419
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma and perirenal tissues that is caused by gas-producing bacterial pathogens. Percutaneous drainage is now the gold sta...

    Authors: Yu-Chuan Lu, Bing-Juin Chiang, Yuan-Hung Pong, Kuo-How Huang, Po-Ren Hsueh, Chao-Yuan Huang and Yeong-Shiau Pu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:418
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a great disease burden across the whole world, particularly in Southeast Asia. However, in recent decades, the pathogenesis of severe EV71 infection was not well understood. This study...

    Authors: Hao-Yuan Cheng, Yi-Chuan Huang, Ting-Yu Yen, Shao-Hsuan Hsia, Yu-Chia Hsieh, Chung-Chen Li, Luan-Yin Chang and Li-Min Huang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:417
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Although there have been a number of studies on the pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) recently, knowledge on this topic is still insufficient. This study aims to reveal the kinetics of ser...

    Authors: Safak Kaya, Nazif Elaldi, Ayhan Kubar, Nevcihan Gursoy, Meral Yilmaz, Gulderen Karakus, Turabi Gunes, Zubeyde Polat, Mustafa Gokhan Gozel, Aynur Engin, Ilyas Dokmetas, Mehmet Bakir, Neziha Yilmaz and Mehmet Sencan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:416
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. Over the last decade tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality in Brazil have been steadily declining. However, this downward trend has not been observed among HIV-infected patients. We describe the epidemiolo...

    Authors: Thiago Nascimento do Prado, Angélica Espinosa Miranda, Fernanda Mattos de Souza, Elias dos Santos Dias, Lorena Kellen Fernandes Sousa, Denise Arakaki-Sanchez, Mauro N Sanchez, Jonathan E Golub and Ethel Leonor Maciel
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:415
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. The rate of decline of antibody titers to influenza following infection can affect results of serological surveys, and may explain re-infection and recurrent epidemics by the same strain.

    Authors: Jung Pu Hsu, Xiahong Zhao, Mark I-Cheng Chen, Alex R Cook, Vernon Lee, Wei Yen Lim, Linda Tan, Ian G Barr, Lili Jiang, Chyi Lin Tan, Meng Chee Phoon, Lin Cui, Raymond Lin, Yee Sin Leo and Vincent T Chow
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:414
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping assays are becoming increasingly attractive for use in mass screening, as they offer a possibility to integrate HPV screening with HPV vaccine monitoring, thereby generati...

    Authors: Jesper Bonde, Matejka Rebolj, Ditte Møller Ejegod, Sarah Preisler, Elsebeth Lynge and Carsten Rygaard
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:413
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Increases in human population size, dengue vector-density and human mobility cause rapid spread of dengue virus in Indonesia. We investigated the changes in dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) incidence in Indones...

    Authors: Mulya Rahma Karyanti, Cuno S P M Uiterwaal, Rita Kusriastuti, Sri Rezeki Hadinegoro, Maroeska M Rovers, Hans Heesterbeek, Arno W Hoes and Patricia Bruijning-Verhagen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:412
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Malaria and helminth infections are thought to negatively affect children’s nutritional status and to impair their physical and cognitive development. Yet, the current evidence-base is weak. The purpose of thi...

    Authors: Eveline Hürlimann, Clarisse A Houngbedji, Prisca B N’Dri, Dominique Bänninger, Jean T Coulibaly, Peiling Yap, Kigbafori D Silué, Eliézer K N’Goran, Giovanna Raso and Jürg Utzinger
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2014 14:411
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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