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  1. T cells are closely linked to the clinical manifestations of subjects with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. T cell receptor beta variable (TCRBV) is a signal and indicative molecule on the membrane of ...

    Authors: Jiezuan Yang, Jianqin He, Haijun Huang, Zhongkang Ji, Li Wei, Ping Ye, Kaijin Xu and Lanjuan Li
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:423
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  2. Sporadic hepatitis E has become an important public health concern in China. Accurate forecasting of the incidence of hepatitis E is needed to better plan future medical needs. Few mathematical models can be u...

    Authors: Hong Ren, Jian Li, Zheng-An Yuan, Jia-Yu Hu, Yan Yu and Yi-Han Lu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:421
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Giardia and Cryptosporidium are the most common causes of protozoan diarrhea that lead to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia duode...

    Authors: Teklu Wegayehu, Haileeyesus Adamu and Beyene Petros
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:419
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Paradoxical reactions from antibiotic treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans have recently been recognized. Data is lacking regarding their incidence, clinical and diagnostic features, treatment, outcomes and risk f...

    Authors: Daniel P O’Brien, Mike Robson, N Deborah Friedman, Aaron Walton, Anthony McDonald, Peter Callan, Andrew Hughes, Richard Rahdon and Eugene Athan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:416
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. The occurrence of antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates is a serious public health problem in different corners of the globe. The objective of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibil...

    Authors: Martha Tibebu, Ambachew Shibabaw, Girmay Medhin and Afework Kassu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:415
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population, but its role as a predictive marker in HIV-positive patients remains unclear. ...

    Authors: Andrea De Luca, Katleen de Gaetano Donati, Manuela Colafigli, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri, Amalia De Curtis, Andrea Gori, Laura Sighinolfi, Andrea Giacometti, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Alessandro D’Avino, Licia Iacoviello, Roberto Cauda and Antonella D’Arminio Monforte
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:414
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Chronic Q fever usually presents as endocarditis or endovascular infection. We investigated whether 18F-FDG PET/CT and echocardiography were able to detect the localization of infection. Also, the utility of the ...

    Authors: Dennis G Barten, Corine E Delsing, Stephan P Keijmel, Tom Sprong, Janneke Timmermans, Wim JG Oyen, Marrigje H Nabuurs-Franssen and Chantal P Bleeker-Rovers
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:413
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Enteric viruses are a major cause of diarrhea in children, especially those <5 years old. Identifying the viral agents is critical to the development of effective preventive measures. This study aimed to deter...

    Authors: Zengzhi Ren, Yuanmei Kong, Jun Wang, Qianqian Wang, Ailong Huang and Hongmei Xu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:412
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii cause coccidioidomycosis, a disease that is endemic to North and South America, but for Central America, the incidence of coccidioidomycosis has not been clearly established...

    Authors: Esperanza Duarte-Escalante, Gerardo Zúñiga, María Guadalupe Frías-De-León, Cristina Canteros, Laura Rosio Castañón-Olivares and María Rocío del Reyes-Montes
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:411
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. An outbreak of serotype 1 invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) occurred in Central Australia from October 2010 to the latter part of 2012. Surveillance of serotype 1 carriage was conducted to determine epidemio...

    Authors: Jana YR Lai, Heather Cook, Teem-Wing Yip, Jeanette Berthelsen, Stephen Gourley, Vicki Krause, Helen Smith, Amanda J Leach and Heidi Smith-Vaughan
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:409
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Anthrax had become extremely rare in Europe, but in 2010 an outbreak of anthrax among heroin users in Scotland increased awareness of contaminated heroin as a source of anthrax. We present the first two Danish...

    Authors: Lene Russell, Michael Pedersen, Andreas V Jensen, Lillian Marie Søes and Ann-Brit Eg Hansen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:408
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  13. Detection of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall antigen lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine permits diagnoses of tuberculosis (TB) to be made in HIV-infected patients with advanced immunodeficiency. This can b...

    Authors: Stephen D Lawn, Keertan Dheda, Andrew D Kerkhoff, Jonathan G Peter, Susan Dorman, Catharina C Boehme and Mark P Nicol
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:407
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  14. The genus Chromobacterium consists of 7 recognized species. Among those, only C. violaceum, commonly found in the soil and water of tropical and subtropical regions, has been shown to cause human infection. Altho...

    Authors: Megumi Okada, Ryota Inokuchi, Kazuaki Shinohara, Akinori Matsumoto, Yuko Ono, Masashi Narita, Tokiya Ishida, Chiba Kazuki, Susumu Nakajima and Naoki Yahagi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:406
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  15. Natural killer (NK) cells have emerged as pivotal players in innate immunity, especially in the defense against viral infections and tumors. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) – an important recogniti...

    Authors: Yongjun Jiang, Ou Chen, Chen Cui, Bin Zhao, Xiaoxu Han, Zining Zhang, Jing Liu, Junjie Xu, Qinghai Hu, Christina Liao and Hong Shang
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:405
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. Flexible bronchoscopy with bronchial washing is a useful procedure for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), when a patient cannot produce sputum spontaneously or when sputum smears are negative. However, ...

    Authors: Hongseok Yoo, Jae-Uk Song, Won-Jung Koh, Kyeongman Jeon, Sang-Won Um, Gee Young Suh, Man Pyo Chung, Hojoong Kim, O Jung Kwon, Nam Yong Lee, Sookyoung Woo and Hye Yun Park
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:404
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. In Australia, higher rates of chronic hepatitis B (HBsAg) have been reported among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) compared with non-Indigenous people. In 2000, the Australian government imp...

    Authors: Simon Graham, Rebecca J Guy, Benjamin Cowie, Handan C Wand, Basil Donovan, Snehal P Akre and James S Ward
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:403
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Non-touch fittings have been reported to be susceptible for Pseudomonas aeruginosa accumulation. A number of factors may contribute to this, including the frequency of usage, duration of water stagnation, or pres...

    Authors: Miranda Suchomel, Magda Diab-Elschahawi, Michael Kundi and Ojan Assadian
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:402
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Adherence to Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a major predictor of the success of HIV/AIDS treatment. Good adherence to HAART is necessary to achieve the best virologic response, lower the risk ...

    Authors: Afiong O Oku, Eme T Owoaje, Olusimbo K Ige and Angela Oyo-ita
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:401
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common agent of septic arthritis that is a severe, rapidly progressive and destructive joint disease. Superantigens produced by S. aureus are considered the major arthritogenic ...

    Authors: Priscila Maria Colavite-Machado, Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa, Thaís Graziela Donegá França, Sofia Fernanda Gonçalves Zorzella-Pezavento, Larissa Camargo da Rosa, Fernanda Chiuso-Minicucci, Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha, Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet and Alexandrina Sartori
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:400
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Assessing whether hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with increased inflammation is complex. The liver, integral to inflammatory biomarker synthesis, is compro...

    Authors: Kaku A Armah, Emily K Quinn, Debbie M Cheng, Russell P Tracy, Jason V Baker, Jeffrey H Samet and Matthew S Freiberg
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:399
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM), a severe infection with a high fatality rate, develops in mediastinal spaces due mainly to deep cervical abscesses. The majority of causative microbes of DNM are Strept...

    Authors: Takahito Nei, Shunta Inai, Iwao Mikami, Akira Sato, Junichi Okamoto, Kazuhiko Yokoshima, Munenaga Nakamizo, Shuji Haraguchi, Kazunari Sonobe and Ryoichi Saito
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:398
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  23. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity among Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex circulating in patients with no known risk factors for multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) living i...

    Authors: Francesca Barletta, Larissa Otero, Jimena Collantes, Belisa Asto, Bouke C de Jong, Carlos Seas and Leen Rigouts
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:397
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an uncommon pathology characterized by the acute onset of headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, seizures and focal neurological deficits. It was init...

    Authors: Sarah C Sasson, Aileen Oon, Joga Chagantri, Bruce J Brew and Andrew Carr
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:396
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  25. Adherence is one of the most important determinants of viral suppression and drug resistance in HIV-infected people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART).

    Authors: Sylvia Kiwuwa-Muyingo, Hannu Oja, Ann Sarah Walker, Pauliina Ilmonen, Jonathan Levin, Ivan Mambule, Andrew Reid, Peter Mugyenyi and Jim Todd
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:395
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV), characterized by increased levels of serum HBV DNA, abnormal liver function and hepatic failure, is a frequent complication of immunosuppressive therapy and chemotherap...

    Authors: Wenjun Du, Zhaomin Zheng, Shaolei Han, Shumin Ma and Shijun Chen
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:394
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  27. Bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae leads to death in up to 30% of patients and leaves up to half of the survivors with neurological sequelae. The inflammatory host reaction initiates the indu...

    Authors: Denise C Zysset-Burri, Caroline L Bellac, Stephen L Leib and Matthias Wittwer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:393
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. Young children exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis have a high risk of disease progression following infection. This study aimed to determine risk factors for M. tuberculosis infection and disease in children f...

    Authors: James A Seddon, Anneke C Hesseling, Peter Godfrey-Faussett, Katherine Fielding and H Simon Schaaf
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:392
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Interruption of measles transmission was achieved in Catalonia (Spain) in 2000. Six years later, a measles outbreak occurred between August 2006 and June 2007 with 381 cases, 11 of whom were health care worker...

    Authors: Luis Urbiztondo, Eva Borràs, Josep Costa, Sonia Broner, Magda Campins, José María Bayas, María Esteve and Angela Domínguez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:391
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Despite increases in HIV testing, only a fraction of people newly diagnosed with HIV infection enter the care system and initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa. We report on the design and initi...

    Authors: Ingrid V Bassett, Janet Giddy, Christine E Chaisson, Douglas Ross, Laura M Bogart, Sharon M Coleman, Tessa Govender, Marion Robine, Alison Erlwanger, Kenneth A Freedberg, Jeffrey N Katz, Rochelle P Walensky and Elena Losina
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:390
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  31. Blastocystis sp. are among the most commonly observed intestinal parasites in routine clinical parasitology. Blastocystis in humans consists of at least 9 genetic subtypes. Different subtypes of Blastocystis may...

    Authors: Aldert Bart, Ellen MS Wentink-Bonnema, Henk Gilis, Nienke Verhaar, Carla JA Wassenaar, Michèle van Vugt, Abraham Goorhuis and Tom van Gool
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:389
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. There are no accurate data regarding the real prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Spain. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infections and the risk factors for acquiring them a...

    Authors: Carlos Fernández-Benítez, Patricia Mejuto-López, Luis Otero-Guerra, Mario Juan Margolles-Martins, Pilar Suárez-Leiva and Fernando Vazquez
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:388
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Early and rapid detection of dengue virus (DENV) infection during the febrile period is crucial for proper patient management and prevention of disease spread. An easy to perform and highly sensitive method is...

    Authors: Boon-Teong Teoh, Sing-Sin Sam, Kim-Kee Tan, Jefree Johari, Mohammed Bashar Danlami, Poh-Sim Hooi, Rafi Md-Esa and Sazaly AbuBakar
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:387
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. With the remarkable increase of microbial and viral sequence data obtained from high-throughput DNA sequencers, novel tools are needed for comprehensive analysis of the big sequence data. We have developed “Ba...

    Authors: Yuki Iwasaki, Takashi Abe, Yoshiko Wada, Kennosuke Wada and Toshimichi Ikemura
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:386
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Escherichia coli is a major human pathogen, both in community and healthcare settings. To date however, relatively few studies have defined the population burden of E. coli bloodstream infections. Such informati...

    Authors: Deborah A Williamson, Alwin Lim, Siouxsie Wiles, Sally A Roberts and Joshua T Freeman
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:385
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Australia uses acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance to monitor its polio-free status. The World Health Organization criterion for a sensitive AFP surveillance system is the annual detection of at least o...

    Authors: Linda K Hobday, Bruce R Thorley, Janet Alexander, Thomas Aitken, Peter D Massey, Michelle Cretikos, Anthony Slater and David N Durrheim
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:384
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  37. To clarify the molecular mechanisms that participate in the severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) infected by Enterovirus 71 and to detect any related protein biomarkers, we performed proteomic analysis o...

    Authors: Li Deng, Hong-Ling Jia, Chao-Wu Liu, Yu-Fen Xu, Li-Jia Mao, Chun-Hui He, Gen-Quan Yin, Jun-Hong Lin, Jian-Ping Tao and Li Zhu
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:383
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIV-infected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortalit...

    Authors: Victoria Hernando, Belen Alejos, Susana Monge, Juan Berenguer, Lourdes Anta, David Vinuesa, Rosario Palacios, Roberto Muga, Santiago Moreno and Inma Jarrin
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:382
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Fournier’s gangrene is a rare necrotizing soft tissue infection of the scrotum and penis. We report, to our knowledge, the first case of Fournier’s gangrene caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis

    Authors: Ram V Anantha, Katherine J Kasper, Kelcey G Patterson, Joseph J Zeppa, Johan Delport and John K McCormick
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:381
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  40. Data regarding the most efficacious and least toxic schedules for the use of colistin are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the potential risk factors of colistin-associated neph...

    Authors: Luisa Sorlí, Sonia Luque, Santiago Grau, Núria Berenguer, Concepción Segura, María Milagro Montero, Francisco Álvarez-Lerma, Hernando Knobel, Natividad Benito and Juan P Horcajada
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:380
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the developed world and diagnosis rates have increased dramatically over the last decade. Repeat infections of chl...

    Authors: Jane S Hocking, Lenka A Vodstrcil, Wilhelmina M Huston, Peter Timms, Marcus Y Chen, Karen Worthington, Ruthy McIver and Sepehr N Tabrizi
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:379
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  42. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) play a crucial role in the etiology of cervical cancer and the most prevalent genotype is HPV16. HPV 1...

    Authors: Zineb Qmichou, Meriem Khyatti, Mohamed Berraho, My Mustapha Ennaji, Laila Benbacer, Chakib Nejjari, Noureddine Benjaafar, Abdellatif Benider, Mohammed Attaleb and Mohammed El Mzibri
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:378
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Recent sepsis guidelines have focused on the early identification and risk stratification of patients on presentation. Obesity is associated with alterations in multiple inflammatory regulators similar to chan...

    Authors: Ethan F Kuperman, John W Showalter, Erik B Lehman, Amy E Leib and Jennifer L Kraschnewski
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:377
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Its epidemiology has shifted in recent years from almost exclusively infecting elderly patients in whom the gut microbi...

    Authors: Laith Yakob, Thomas V Riley, David L Paterson and Archie CA Clements
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:376
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. High seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 (B19V) coinfection with Plasmodium falciparum has been previously reported. However, the impact of B19V-infection on the clinical course of malaria is still elusive. In this ...

    Authors: Nguyen L Toan, Bui T Sy, Le H Song, Hoang V Luong, Nguyen T Binh, Vu Q Binh, Reinhard Kandolf, Thirumalaisamy P Velavan, Peter G Kremsner and C-Thomas Bock
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:375
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the Italian correctional population is estimated to be around 38%. In this setting HCV infection treatment is controversial because of several fac...

    Authors: Fabio Iacomi, Giuseppina Iannicelli, Andrea Franceschini, Paolo Migliorisi, Silvia Rosati, Pierluca Piselli, Paola Scognamiglio, Gabriella De Carli, Sonia Marcellini and Fabrizio Palmieri
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:374
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Vaccine and non-vaccine genotype prevalences may change after vaccine introduction. Therefore, it appears essential to rank...

    Authors: Erik Bernard, Margarita Pons-Salort, Michel Favre, Isabelle Heard, Elisabeth Delarocque-Astagneau, Didier Guillemot and Anne CM Thiébaut
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:373
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. HIV infection is a risk factor for the development of Herpes zoster (HZ) and its complications. Prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART), HZ incidence in HIV-infected individuals ranged from 2.9–5.1/100 person-ye...

    Authors: Klaus Jansen, Burkhard Haastert, Claudia Michalik, Adrienne Guignard, Stefan Esser, Stephan Dupke, Andreas Plettenberg, Adriane Skaletz-Rorowski and Norbert H Brockmeyer
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:372
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Legionella pneumophila (Lp) flagellin activates signaling pathways in murine macrophages that control Lp replication. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) containing-like receptor (NLR) family, caspas...

    Authors: William R Berrington, Kelly D Smith, Shawn J Skerrett and Thomas R Hawn
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:371
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is recognized as an important cause of not only hospital acquired pneumonia, but also non-nosocomial pneumonia. However, the risk factors for non-nosocomial MRSA...

    Authors: Won Jai Jung, Young Ae Kang, Moo Suk Park, Seon Cheol Park, Ah Young Leem, Eun Young Kim, Kyung Soo Chung, Young Sam Kim, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang and Ji Ye Jung
    Citation: BMC Infectious Diseases 2013 13:370
    Content type: Research article Published on:

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